Cathepsin cysteine protease inhibitors

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a novel class of compounds which are cysteine protease inhibitors, including but not limited to, inhibitors of cathepsins K, L, S and B. These compounds are useful for treating diseases in which inhibition of bone resorption is indicated, such as osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A variety of disorders in humans and other mammals involve or areassociated with abnormal bone resorption. Such disorders include, butare not limited to, osteoporosis, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis,Paget's disease, abnormally increased bone turnover, periodontaldisease, tooth loss, bone fractures, rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis, periprosthetic osteolysis, osteogenesis imperfecta,metastatic bone disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and multiplemyeloma. One of the most common of these disorders is osteoporosis,which in its most frequent manifestation occurs in postmenopausal women.Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by a low bonemass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with aconsequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture.Osteoporotic fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality inthe elderly population. As many as 50% of women and a third of men willexperience an osteoporotic fracture. A large segment of the olderpopulation already has low bone density and a high risk of fractures.There is a significant need to both prevent and treat osteoporosis andother conditions associated with bone resorption. Because osteoporosis,as well as other disorders associated with bone loss, are generallychronic conditions, it is believed that appropriate therapy willtypically require chronic treatment.

Osteoporosis is characterized by progressive loss of bone architectureand mineralization leading to the loss in bone strength and an increasedfracture rate. The skeleton is constantly being remodeled by a balancebetween osteoblasts that lay down new bone and osteoclasts thatbreakdown, or resorb, bone. In some disease conditions and advancing agethe balance between bone formation and resorption is disrupted; bone isremoved at a faster rate. Such a prolonged imbalance of resorption overformation leads to weaker bone structure and a higher risk of fractures.

Bone resorption is primarily performed by osteoclasts, which aremultinuclear giant cells. Osteoclasts resorb bone by forming an initialcellular attachment to bone tissue, followed by the formation of anextracellular compartment or lacunae. The lacunae are maintained at alow pH by a proton-ATP pump. The acidified environment in the lacunaeallows for initial demineralization of bone followed by the degradationof bone proteins or collagen by proteases such as cysteine proteases.See Delaisse, J. M. et al., 1980, Biochem J 192:365-368; Delaisse, J. etal., 1984, Biochem Biophys Res Commun: 441-447; Delaisse, J. M. et al.,1987, Bone 8:305-313, which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety. Collagen constitutes 95% of the organic matrix of bone.Therefore, proteases involved in collagen degradation are an essentialcomponent of bone turnover, and as a consequence, the development andprogression of osteoporosis.

Cathepsins belong to the papain superfamily of cysteine proteases. Theseproteases function in the normal physiological as well as pathologicaldegradation of connective tissue. Cathepsins play a major role inintracellular protein degradation and turnover and remodeling. To date,a number of cathepsin have been identified and sequenced from a numberof sources. These cathepsins are naturally found in a wide variety oftissues. For example, cathepsin B, F, H, L, K, S, W, and Z have beencloned. Cathepsin K (which is also known by the abbreviation cat K) isalso known as cathepsin O and cathepsin O2. See PCT Application WO96/13523, Khepri Pharmaceuticals, Inc., published May 9, 1996, which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Cathepsin L isimplicated in normal lysosomal proteolysis as well as several diseasesstates, including, but not limited to, metastasis of melanomas.Cathepsin S is implicated in Alzheimer's disease and certain autoimmunedisorders, including, but not limited to juvenile onset diabetes,multiple sclerosis, pemphigus vulgaris, Graves' disease, myastheniagravis, systemic lupus erythemotasus, rheumatoid arthritis andHashimoto's thyroiditis; allergic disorders, including, but not limitedto asthma; and allogenic immunbe responses, including, but not limitedto, rejection of organ transplants or tissue grafts. Increased CathepsinB levels and redistribution of the enzyme are found in tumors,suggesting a role in tumor invasion and matastasis. In addition,aberrant Cathpsin B activity is implicated in such disease states asrheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, pneumocystisis carinii, acutepancreatitis, inflammatory airway disease and bone and joint disorders.

Cysteine protease inhibitors such as E-64(trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamide-(4-guanidino) butane) are known to beeffective in inhibiting bone resorption. See Delaisse, J. M. et al.,1987, Bone 8:305-313, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Recently, cathepsin K was cloned and found specificallyexpressed in osteoclasts See Tezuka, K. et al., 1994, J Biol Chem269:1106-1109; Shi, G. P. et al., 1995, FEBS Lett 357:129-134; Bromme,D. and Okamoto, K., 1995, Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 376:379-384; Bromme, D.et al., 1996, Biol Chem 271:2126-2132; Drake, F. H. et al., 1996, J BiolChem 271:12511-12516, which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety. Concurrent to the cloning, the autosomal recessivedisorder, pycnodysostosis, characterized by an osteopetrotic phenotypewith a decrease in bone resorption, was mapped to mutations present inthe cathepsin K gene. To date, all mutations identified in the cathepsinK gene are known to result in inactive protein. See Gelb, B. D. et al.,1996, Science 273:1236-1238; Johnson, M. R. et al., 1996, Genome Res6:1050-1055, which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety. Therefore, it appears that cathepsin K is involved inosteoclast mediated bone resorption.

Cathepsin K is synthesized as a 37 kDa pre-pro enzyme, which islocalized to the lysosomal compartment and where it is presumablyautoactivated to the mature 27 kDa enzyme at low pH. See McQueney, M. S.et al., 1997, J Biol Chem 272:13955-13960; Littlewood-Evans, A. et al.,1997, Bone 20:81-86, which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety. Cathepsin K is most closely related to cathepsin S having 56%sequence identity at the amino acid level. The S₂P₂ substratespecificity of cathepsin K is similar to that of cathepsin S with apreference in the P1 and P2 positions for a positively charged residuesuch as arginine, and a hydrophobic residue such as phenylalanine orleucine, respectively. See Bromme, D. et al., 1996, J Biol Chem 271:2126-2132; Bossard, M. J. et al., 1996, J Biol Chem 271:12517-12524,which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. CathepsinK is active at a broad pH range with significant activity between pH4-8, thus allowing for good catalytic activity in the resorption lacunaeof osteoclasts where the pH is about 4-5.

Human type I collagen, the major collagen in bone is a good substratefor cathepsin K. See Kafienah, W., et al., 1998, Biochem J 331:727-732,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In vitroexperiments using antisense oligonucleotides to cathepsin K, have showndiminished bone resorption in vitro, which is probably due to areduction in translation of cathepsin K mRNA. See Inui, T., et al.,1997, J Biol Chem 272:8109-8112, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. The crystal structure of cathepsin K has beenresolved. See McGrath, M. E., et al., 1997, Nat Struct Biol 4:105-109;Zhao, B., et al., 1997, Nat Struct Biol 4: 109-11, which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety. Also, selective peptidebased inhibitors of cathepsin K have been developed See Bromme, D., etal., 1996, Biochem J315:85-89; Thompson, S. K., et al., 1997, Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 94:14249-14254, which are hereby incorporated by referencein their entirety. Accordingly, inhibitors of Cathepsin K can reducebone resorption. Such inhibitors would be useful in treating disordersinvolving bone resorption, such as osteoporosis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds that are capable of treatingand/or preventing cathepsin dependent conditions or disease states in amammal in need thereof. One embodiment of the present invention isillustrated by a compound of Formula I, and the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, stereoisomers and N-oxide derivatives thereof:

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds of the following chemicalformula:

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyland alkenyl groups are optionally substituted with one to six halo, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —OR⁹, —N(R¹²)₂, aryl, heteroaryl orheterocyclyl wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups areoptionally substituted with one or two substitutents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;R² is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with one to six halo, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —OR⁹, —N(R¹²)₂, aryl, heteroaryl orheterocyclyl wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups areoptionally substituted with one or two substitutents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;or R¹ and R² can be taken together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring wherein saidring system is optionally substituted with one or two substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, orhalo;R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or one tosix halo;R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or one tosix halo;or R³ and R⁴ can be taken together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring, C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl ring, orfive to seven membered heterocyclyl wherein said cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted with oneor two substitutents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo,hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;R⁵ is selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-6 halo;R⁶ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl,wherein said aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups areoptionally substituted with one, two, or three substituentsindependently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, haloalkoxy, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), cyano, or aryl which isoptionally substituted with —SO₂R¹²;each D is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl wherein each said aryl,heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups, which may be monocyclicor bicyclic, is optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one to five substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₆ alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, keto, alkoxy, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —OR⁹, —OR¹²,N(R¹²)₂, —SO₂R⁹, or —SO₂R¹⁰;R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkyloxy,halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,—C(O)OR¹⁰, —C(O)OSi[CH(CH₃)₂]₃, —OR⁹, —OR¹⁰, —C(O)R¹⁰, —R¹⁰C(O)R⁹,—C(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(O)N(R¹²)(R¹²), —C(O)N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹),—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, —SR¹², —SR⁹, —R¹⁰SR⁹, —R⁹, —C(R⁹)₃, —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R⁹)₂,—NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰S(O)₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹², —SO(R¹²), —SO₂R⁹, —SO_(m)N(R^(c))(R^(d)),—SO_(m)CH(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), SO₂N(R¹⁰)C(O)(R¹²), —SO₂(RO)C(O)N(R¹²)₂, —OSO₂R¹⁰,—N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), —N(R¹⁰)C(O)N(R¹⁰)(R⁹), —N(R¹⁰)C(O)R⁹, —N(R¹⁰)C(O)R¹⁰,—N(R¹⁰)C(O)OR¹⁰, —N(R¹⁰)SO₂(R¹⁰), —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)NR¹⁰C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)R⁹,—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R¹⁰)R⁹, —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹),—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)SC(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)(R⁹), R¹⁰S—,—C(R^(a))(R^(b))NR^(a)C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R⁹),—C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—C(R^(a))(R^(b))C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—C(O)C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))C(O)R⁹,—C(O)C(R^(a))(R^(b))S(R^(a)), C(R^(a))(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—B(OH)₂, —OCH₂O— or 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl; whereinsaid groups are optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one to five substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, keto, cyano, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, —OR⁹, —NO₂,—NH₂, —NHS(O)₂R⁸, —R⁹SO₂R¹², —SO₂R¹², —SO(R¹²), —SR¹², —SR⁹,—SO_(m)N(R^(c))(R^(d)), —SO_(m)N(R¹⁰)C(O)(R¹²), —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹),—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, —COOH, —C(R^(a))(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—C(O)(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R¹⁰)C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)(R⁹), —N(R¹⁰)CO(R⁹), —NH(CH₂)₂OH,—NHC(O)OR¹⁰, —Si(CH₃)₃, heterocycyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;or R⁴ and R⁸ or can be taken together with any of the atoms to whichthey may be attached or are between them to form a 4-10 memberedheterocyclyl ring system wherein said ring system, which may bemonocyclic or bicyclic, is optionally substituted with one or twosubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl,hydroxy, keto, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰ or —N(R¹⁰)₂;R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl,aryl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₄)alkyl wherein saidgroups can be optionally substituted with one, two, or threesubstituents independently selected from halo, alkoxy or —SO₂R¹²;R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkylR¹¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted with one,two, or three substituents independently selected from halo, alkoxy,cyano, —NR¹⁰ or —SR¹⁰;R^(a) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)aryl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)hydroxyl,—O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), hydroxyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, wherein said alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl andheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one, two, or three substituents independently selectedfrom C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo;R^(b) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)aryl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)hydroxyl,alkoxyl, hydroxyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, wherein said alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl andheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one, two, or three substituents independently selectedfrom C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo;or R^(a) and R^(b) can be taken together with the carbon atom to whichthey are attached or are between them to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring orC₃₋₈ heterocyclyl ring wherein said 3-8 membered ring system may beoptionally substituted with one or two substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and halo;R^(c) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted withone, two, or three substituents independently selected from halo or—OR⁹;R^(d) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted withone, two, or three substituents independently selected from halo or—OR⁹;or R^(c) and R^(d) can be taken together with the nitrogen atom to whichthey are attached or are between them to form a C₃₋₈ heterocyclyl ringwhich is optionally substituted with one or two substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy,alkoxy or keto;n is independently selected from an integer from zero to three;each m is independently selected from an integer from zero to two;and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers and N-oxidederivatives thereof.

Preferably, the present invention relates to compounds of the followingchemical formula:

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyland alkenyl groups are optionally substituted with one to six halo, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —OR⁹, —N(R¹²)₂, aryl, heteroaryl orheterocyclyl wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups areoptionally substituted with one or two substitutents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;R² is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with one to six halo, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —OR⁹, —N(R¹²)₂, aryl, heteroaryl orheterocyclyl wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups areoptionally substituted with one or two substitutents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;or R¹ and R² can be taken together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring wherein saidring system is optionally substituted with one or two substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, orhalo;R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or one tosix halo;R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or one tosix halo;or R³ and R⁴ can be taken together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring, C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl ring, orfive to seven membered heterocyclyl wherein said cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted with oneor two substitutents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo,hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;R⁵ is selected from hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-6 halo;R⁶ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl,wherein said aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups areoptionally substituted with one, two, or three substituentsindependently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, haloalkoxy, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), cyano, or aryl which isoptionally substituted with —SO₂R¹²;each D is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl wherein each said aryl,heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups, which may be monocyclicor bicyclic, is optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one to five substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₆ alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, keto, alkoxy, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —OR⁹, —OR¹²,N(R¹²)₂, —SO₂R⁹, or —SO₂R¹⁰;R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkyloxy,halo, nitro, cyano, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,—C(O)OR¹⁰, —C(O)OSi[CH(CH₃)₂]₃, —OR⁹, —OR¹⁰, —C(O)R¹⁰, —R¹⁰C(O)R⁹,—C(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(O)N(R¹²)(R¹²), —C(O)N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹),—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, —SR¹², —SR⁹, —R¹⁰SR⁹, —R⁹, —C(R⁹)₃, —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R⁹)₂,—NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰S(O)₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹², —SO(R¹²), —SO₂R⁹, —SO_(m)N(R^(c))(R^(d)),—SO_(m)CH(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), SO₂N(R¹⁰)C(O)(R¹²), —SO₂(R¹⁰)C(O)N(R¹²)₂, —OSO₂R¹⁰,—N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), —N(R¹⁰)C(O)N(R¹⁰)(R⁹), —N(R¹⁰)C(O)R⁹, —N(R¹⁰)C(O)R¹⁰,—N(R¹⁰)C(O)OR¹⁰, —N(R¹⁰)SO₂(R¹⁰), —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)NR¹⁰C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)R⁹,—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R¹⁰)R⁹, —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹),—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)SC(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)(R⁹), R¹⁰S—,—C(R^(a))(R^(b))NR^(a)C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R⁹),—C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—C(R^(a))(R^(b))C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—C(O)C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))(R^(b)), —C(R^(a))(R^(b))N(R^(a))C(O)R⁹,—C(O)C(R^(a))(R^(b))S(R^(a)), C(R^(a))(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—B(OH)₂, —OCH₂O— or 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl; whereinsaid groups are optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one to five substituents independently selected fromC₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, keto, cyano, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, —OR⁹, —NO₂,—NH₂, —NHS(O)₂R⁸, —R⁹SO₂R¹², —SO₂R¹², —SO(R¹²), —SR¹², —SR⁹,—SO_(m)N(R^(c))(R^(d)), —SO_(m)N(R¹⁰)C(O)(R¹²), —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹),—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, —COOH, —C(R^(a))(R^(b))C(O)N(R^(a))(R^(b)),—C(O)(R^(a))(R^(b)), —N(R¹⁰)C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)(R⁹), —N(R¹⁰)CO(R⁹), —NH(CH₂)₂OH,—NHC(O)OR¹⁰, —Si(CH₃)₃, heterocycyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;or R⁴ and R⁸ or can be taken together with any of the atoms to whichthey may be attached or are between them to form a 4-10 memberedheterocyclyl ring system wherein said ring system, which may bemonocyclic or bicyclic, is optionally substituted with one or twosubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl,hydroxy, keto, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰ or —N(R¹⁰)₂;R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl,aryl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,C₃₋₈cycloalkyl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₄)alkyl wherein saidgroups can be optionally substituted with one, two, or threesubstituents independently selected from halo, alkoxy or —SO₂R¹²;R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkylR¹¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted with one,two, or three substituents independently selected from halo, alkoxy,cyano, —NR¹⁰ or —SR¹⁰;R^(a) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)aryl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)hydroxyl,—O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), hydroxyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, wherein said alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl andheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one, two, or three substituents independently selectedfrom C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo;R^(b) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)aryl, (C₁₋₆ alkyl)hydroxyl,alkoxyl, hydroxyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, wherein said alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl andheterocyclyl can be optionally substituted on either the carbon or theheteroatom with one, two, or three substituents independently selectedfrom C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo;or R^(a) and R^(b) can be taken together with the carbon atom to whichthey are attached or are between them to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring orC₃₋₈ heterocyclyl ring wherein said 3-8 membered ring system may beoptionally substituted with one or two substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and halo;R^(c) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted withone, two, or three substituents independently selected from halo or—OR⁹;R^(d) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted withone, two, or three substituents independently selected from halo or—OR⁹;or R^(c) and R^(d) can be taken together with the nitrogen atom to whichthey are attached or are between them to form a C₃₋₈ heterocyclyl ringwhich is optionally substituted with one or two substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy,alkoxy or keto;n is independently selected from an integer from one to three;each m is independently selected from an integer from zero to two;and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers and N-oxidederivatives thereof.

In an embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are each hydrogen. Inanother embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R², when on the same carbonatom, can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached to form a 3-8 membered cycloalkyl ring system wherein said ringsystem is optionally substituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyalkyl and halo.Examples of ring systems that can be formed include cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. A preferredembodiment is when cyclopropyl is formed.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² together with thecarbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-8 memberedheterocyclyl ring system wherein said ring system is optionallysubstituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or haloalkyl. Examples of ringsystems that can be formed include piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, ortetrahydropyranyl.

In an embodiment of the invention, R³ and R⁴ are each independently C₁₋₄alkyl or H. In a further embodiment of the invention R³ is isobutyl orn-propyl and R⁴ is H, more preferably R³ is n-propyl.

In a further embodiment, R³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl wherein said alkyl issubstituted with C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or halo. Preferably, R³ is2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl, 2-trifluoromethylpropyl,3-fluoro-2-(2-fluoromethyl)propyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl,2,2-difluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, or 2,2-dichloroethyl and R⁴is hydrogen. More preferably R³ is 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R³ and R⁴ taken together withthe carbon atom to which they are attached to form C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring,C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl ring, or five to seven membered heterocyclyl whereinsaid cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionallysubstituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy orketo. Examples of ring systems that can be formed include, but are notlimited to the following, keeping in mind that the heterocycle isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents as described above:cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. In aclass of the embodiment cyclohexyl is formed.

In an embodiment of the invention, R⁵ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-6halo and R⁶ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-6 halo. In anotherembodiment of the invention, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is C₁₋₆ alkylsubstituted with 1-6 halo. In a further embodiment, R⁵ is hydrogen andR⁶ is C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-6 fluoro.

In a further embodiment, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is C₁₋₃ alkyl substitutedwith 3 fluoro. In another embodiment, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ istrifluoromethyl or 3,3,3,2,2-pentafluoroethyl, more preferably R⁶ istrifluoromethyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is aryl orheteroaryl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substitutedwith halo or —SO₂R¹².

In another embodiment of this invention, R¹ and R² taken together withthe carbon atom to which they are attached to form cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, more preferablycyclopropyl; R³ is n-propyl, isobutyl, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl,2-trifluoromethylpropyl, 3-fluoro-2-(2-fluoromethyl)propyl,2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, or2,2-dichloroethyl; R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen; and R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkylsubstituted with 1-6 halo; preferably R⁶ is C₁₋₃alkyl substituted with 3fluoro; more preferably, R⁶ is trifluoromethyl or3,3,3,2,2-pentafluoroethyl, most preferably trifluoromethyl. Within thisembodiment, a particularly preferred embodiment is that wherein n is 1.Another particularly preferred embodiment is that wherein n is 2. Yetanother particularly preferred embodiments is that wherein n is 3.Preferably n is 1 where D is heteroaryl which is optionally substitutedwith halo or phenyl which is substituted with hydroxyalkyl, —COR¹⁰(where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl) or —SO₂R¹² or D is phenyl which is optionallysubstituted with halo, —CONR^(a)R^(b) (where R^(a) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, and R^(b) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy orR^(a) and R^(b) together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form heterocylyl wherein said heterocyclyl is optionallysubstituted with alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or haloalkyl), —SO₂R¹² (where R¹²is C₁₋₆ alkyl), —COOR¹⁰, alkynyl optionally substituted with hydroxy orcycloalkyl, alkenyl substituted with hydroxy, alkyl optionallysubstituted with hydroxy, —OR⁹ (where R⁹ is aryl), —OR¹⁰,—CR¹⁰R¹¹SC¹⁰R¹¹R⁹ (where R⁹ is aryl), —CH₂S(aryl), cyano, —COR⁹ orheteroaryl.

Preferably, n is 2 and each D is phenyl wherein the second phenyl isattached at the 4-position of the first phenyl ring (phenyl attached tocarbon carrying the R⁵ and R⁶ groups) and further wherein each phenyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxyor —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl) and the second phenyl isadditionally substituted with R⁷. More preferably, each D is phenylwherein the second phenyl is attached at the 4-position of the firstphenyl ring and the second phenyl is optionally substituted with R⁷which is located at the 4-position of the phenyl ring and is —SO₂R¹²(where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted with hydroxy orhalo), —SO₂NR^(c)R^(d) (where R^(c) and R^(d) are independently hydrogenor C₁₋₆ alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d) together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are attached form a heterocyclyl ring), —SR¹² (where R¹² isC₁₋₆ alkyl), —SOR¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCOR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ isC₁₋₆ alkyl), —NR¹⁰R¹¹ (where R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NHCOR¹⁰,heteroaryl, halo, —COOR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl 1), —OR⁹(where R⁹ is hydrogen or aryl), —OR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl), arylsubstituted with —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), cyano, haloalkyl,—C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with —OR¹⁰ and halo,COR⁹ (where R⁹ is aryl), —COR¹⁰, or —NHSO₂R¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl)and additionally the second phenyl ring is optionally substituted with asecond substitutent selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, —CHO, —COOR¹⁰, —COR¹⁰,—NHCOR¹⁰, halo, haloalkyl, —OR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkylwherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with halo), —SO₂NH₂,—NHCOR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl), or —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆alkyl).

More preferably, the second phenyl is substituted with R⁷ at the4-position wherein R⁷ is —SOR¹², —SO₂R¹² where R¹² is C₁₋₆alkyl(preferably methyl) or —SO_(m)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) and R^(d) areindependently hydrogen or alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d) together formheterocyclyl, and m is an integer from zero to two. Preferably R⁷ ismethylsulfonyl, N-methylaminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, ormorpholin-4-ylsulfonyl.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heterocyclyl (preferablymorpholin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl or piperidin-4-yl) which is optionallysubstituted with cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or hydroxyalkyl,more preferably cyclopropyl, methyl, ethyl, or hydroxyethyl and saidheterocyclyl ring is attached at the 4-position of the phenyl ring.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heteroaryl which issubstituted with one or two substituents independently selected fromhydroxyalkyl, —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, amino, or —OR¹⁰.

Preferably n is 3 wherein the first and the second Ds are phenyl and thethird D is heterocyclyl and are optionally substituted as defined above.More preferably first and the second Ds are phenyl wherein the secondphenyl is attached at the 4-position of the first phenyl and theheterocyclyl is morpholin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl,piperidin-4-yl or piperazin-1-yl which are substituted with R⁷.Preferably R⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl,COOR¹⁰ or —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl).

In another embodiment of this invention, R¹ and R² taken together withthe carbon atom to which they are attached to form cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, more preferablycyclopropyl; R³ and R⁴ taken together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring, C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl ring, or fiveto seven membered heterocyclyl wherein said cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl andheterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo,hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto. Examples of ring systems that canbe formed include, but are not limited to the following, keeping in mindthat the heterocycle is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents as described above: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydrofuran-4-yl, piperidin-4-yl.Preferably R³ and R⁴ taken together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached form cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, orcycloheptyl. A more preferred embodiment is when R³ and R⁴ takentogether with the carbon atom to which they are attached form cyclohexylis formed. Within this embodiment, a particularly preferred embodimentis that wherein R⁵ are hydrogen; and R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl substituted with1-6 halo; preferably R⁶ is C₁₋₃alkyl substituted with 3 fluoro; morepreferably, R⁶ is trifluoromethyl or 3,3,3,2,2-pentafluoroethyl, mostpreferably trifluoromethyl. Within this embodiment, a particularlypreferred embodiment is that wherein n is 1. Another particularlypreferred embodiment is that wherein n is 2. Yet another particularlypreferred embodiments is that wherein n is 3. Preferably n is 1 where Dis heteroaryl which is optionally substituted with halo or phenyl withis substituted with hydroxyalkyl, —COR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl) or—SO₂R¹² or D is phenyl which is optionally substituted with halo,—CONR^(a)R^(b) (where R^(a) is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and R^(b) ishydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxy or R^(a) and R^(b)together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached formheterocylyl wherein said heterocyclyl is optionally substituted withalkyl or haloalkyl), —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), —COOR¹⁰, alkynylsubstituted with hydroxy, alkenyl substituted with hydroxy, alkyloptionally substituted with hydroxy, —OR¹⁰, —CR¹⁰R¹¹SC¹⁰R¹¹R⁹ (where R⁹is aryl), —CH₂S(aryl)-COR⁹ or heteroaryl.

Preferably, n is 2 and each D is phenyl wherein the second phenyl isattached at the 4-position of the first phenyl ring (phenyl attached tocarbon carrying the R⁵ and R⁶ groups) and further wherein each phenyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxyand the second phenyl is additionally substituted with R⁷. Morepreferably, each D is phenyl wherein the second phenyl is attached atthe 4-position of the first phenyl ring and the second phenyl isoptionally substituted with R⁷ which is located at the 4-position of thephenyl ring and is —SO₂R₁₂ (where R₁₂ is C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionallysubstituted with halo), —SO₂NR^(c)R^(d) (where R^(c) and R^(d) areindependently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d) together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl ring),—SR¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCOR⁹ (where R⁹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NR¹⁰R¹¹ (where R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl, halo, —COOR¹⁰(where R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl 1), —OR⁹ (where R⁹ is hydrogen oraryl), aryl substituted with —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), cyano,haloalkyl, —CHO, —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with—OR¹⁰ and halo, —COR¹⁰, or —NHSO₂R¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl) andadditionally the second phenyl ring is optionally substituted with asecond substitutent selected from halo, haloalkyl, —OR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ ishydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted withhalo) or —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl).

More preferably, the second phenyl is substituted with R⁷ at the4-position wherein R⁷ is —SO₂R¹² where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl (preferablymethyl) or —SO_(m)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) and R^(d) are independentlyhydrogen or alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d) together form heterocyclyl, and mis an integer from zero to two. Preferably R⁷ is methylsulfonyl,N-methylaminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, or morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heterocyclyl (preferablypiperazin-1-yl or piperidin-4-yl) substituted with cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, more preferably cyclopropyl, methyl, ethyl, orhydroxyethyl and said heterocyclyl ring is attached at the 4-position ofthe phenyl ring.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heteroaryl which issubstituted with one or two substituents independently selected fromhydroxyalkyl, —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, or—OR¹⁰.

Preferably n is 3 wherein the first and the second Ds are phenyl and thethird D is heterocyclyl and are optionally substituted as defined above.More preferably first and the second Ds are phenyl wherein the secondphenyl is attached at the 4-position of the first phenyl and theheterocyclyl is morpholin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl,piperidin-4-yl or piperazin-1-yl which are substituted with R⁷.Preferably R⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is aryloptionally substituted with one, two, or three substituentsindependently selected from halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, haloalkoxy, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), cyano, or aryl which isoptionally substituted with —SO₂R¹². More preferably phenyl substitutedwith C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy. Within this embodiment,a preferred embodiment is that wherein R¹ and R² are each hydrogen.Within this embodiment, another preferred embodiment is that wherein R¹and R² taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached toform a 3-8 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring system wherein saidring system is optionally substituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyalkyl andhalo. Preferable ring systems that can be formed include cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, more preferablycyclopropyl. Within these preferred and more preferred embodiments, aneven more preferred embodiment is that wherein R³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl and R⁴is H. Preferably, R³ is n-propyl or isobutyl and R⁴ is H. Within thesepreferred and more preferred embodiments, another even more preferredembodiment is that wherein R³ is 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl,2-trifluoromethylpropyl, 3-fluoro-2-(2-fluoromethyl)propyl,2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, or2,2-dichloroethyl; and R⁴ is hydrogen. Within these preferred and morepreferred embodiments, another even more preferred embodiment is thatwherein R³ and R⁴ can be taken together with the carbon atom to whichthey are attached to form C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring, C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl ring,or five to seven membered heterocyclyl wherein said cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted withC₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto. Examples ofring systems that can be formed include, but are not limited to thefollowing, keeping in mind that the heterocycle is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents as described above:cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. Apreferred embodiment is when cyclohexyl is formed.

Within this embodiment, a particularly preferred embodiment is thatwherein n is 1. Another particularly preferred embodiment is thatwherein n is 2. Yet another particularly preferred embodiments is thatwherein n is 3. Preferably n is 1 where D is heteroaryl which isoptionally substituted with halo or phenyl with is substituted withhydroxyalkyl, —COR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl) or —SO₂R¹² or D is phenylwhich is optionally substituted with halo, —CONR^(a)R^(b) (where R^(a)is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and R^(b) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkylor C₁₋₆ alkoxy or R^(a) and R^(b) together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are attached form heterocylyl wherein said heterocyclyl isoptionally substituted with alkyl or haloalkyl), —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² isC₁₋₆ alkyl), —COOR¹⁰, alkynyl substituted with hydroxy, alkenylsubstituted with hydroxy, alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy,—OR¹⁰, —CR¹⁰R¹¹SC¹⁰R¹¹R⁹ (where R⁹ is aryl), —CH₂S(aryl)-COR⁹ orheteroaryl.

Preferably, n is 2 and each D is phenyl wherein the second phenyl isattached at the 4-position of the first phenyl ring (phenyl attached tocarbon carrying the R⁵ and R⁶ groups) and further wherein each phenyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxyand the second phenyl is additionally substituted with R⁷. Morepreferably, each D is phenyl wherein the second phenyl is attached atthe 4-position of the first phenyl ring and the second phenyl isoptionally substituted with R⁷ which is located at the 4-position of thephenyl ring and is —SO₂R₁₂ (where R₁₂ is C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionallysubstituted with halo), —SO₂NR^(c)R^(d) (where R^(c) and R^(d) areindependently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d) together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl ring),—SR¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCOR⁹ (where R⁹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NR¹⁰R¹¹ (where R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl, halo, —COOR¹⁰(where R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl 1), —OR⁹ (where R⁹ is hydrogen oraryl), aryl substituted with —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), cyano,haloalkyl, —CHO, —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with—OR¹⁰ and halo, —COR¹⁰, or —NHSO₂R¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl) andadditionally the second phenyl ring is optionally substituted with asecond substitutent selected from halo, haloalkyl, —OR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ ishydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted withhalo) or —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl). More preferably, the secondphenyl is substituted with R⁷ at the 4-position wherein R⁷ is —SO₂R¹²where R¹² is C₁₋₆alkyl (preferably methyl) or —SO_(m)NR^(c)R^(d) whereR^(c) and R^(d) are independently hydrogen or alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d)together form heterocyclyl, and m is an integer from zero to two.Preferably R⁷ is methylsulfonyl, N-methylaminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyl,or morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heterocyclyl (preferablypiperazin-1-yl or piperidin-4-yl) substituted with cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, more preferably cyclopropyl, methyl, ethyl, orhydroxyethyl and said heterocyclyl ring is attached at the 4-position ofthe phenyl ring.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heteroaryl which issubstituted with one or two substituents independently selected fromhydroxyalkyl, —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, or—OR¹⁰.

Preferably n is 3 wherein the first and the second Ds are phenyl and thethird D is heterocyclyl and are optionally substituted as defined above.More preferably first and the second Ds are phenyl wherein the secondphenyl is attached at the 4-position of the first phenyl and theheterocyclyl is morpholin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl,piperidin-4-yl or piperazin-1-yl which are substituted with R⁷.Preferably R⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl.

In an embodiment of the invention, R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is heteroaryloptionally substituted with C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy.

Preferably, R⁶ is thiazolyl, pyridinyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, or furanyl,optionally substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl or halo. Within this embodiment,a preferred embodiment is that wherein R¹ and R² are each hydrogen.Within this embodiment, another preferred embodiment is that wherein R¹and R² taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached toform a 3-8 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring system wherein saidring system is optionally substituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyalkyl andhalo. Preferable ring systems that can be formed include cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, more preferablycyclopropyl. Within these preferred and more preferred embodiments, aneven more preferred embodiment is that wherein R³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl and R⁴is H. Preferably, R³ is n-propyl or isobutyl and R⁴ is H. Within thesepreferred and more preferred embodiments, another even more preferredembodiment is that wherein R³ is 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl,2-trifluoromethylpropyl, 3-fluoro-2-(2-fluoromethyl)propyl,2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, or2,2-dichloroethyl; and R⁴ is hydrogen. Within these preferred and morepreferred embodiments, another even more preferred embodiment is thatwherein R³ and R⁴ can be taken together with the carbon atom to whichthey are attached to form C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring, C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl ring,or five to seven membered heterocyclyl wherein said cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted withC₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto. Examples ofring systems that can be formed include, but are not limited to thefollowing, keeping in mind that the heterocycle is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents as described above:cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. Apreferred embodiment is when cyclohexyl is formed.

Within this embodiment, a particularly preferred embodiment is thatwherein n is 1. Another particularly preferred embodiment is thatwherein n is 2. Yet another particularly preferred embodiments is thatwherein n is 3. Preferably n is 1 where D is heteroaryl which isoptionally substituted with halo or phenyl with is substituted withhydroxyalkyl, —COR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl) or —SO₂R¹² or D is phenylwhich is optionally substituted with halo, —CONR^(a)R^(b) (where R^(a)is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and R^(b) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkylor C₁₋₆ alkoxy or R^(a) and R^(b) together with the nitrogen atom towhich they are attached form heterocylyl wherein said heterocyclyl isoptionally substituted with alkyl or haloalkyl), —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² isC₁₋₆ alkyl), —COOR¹⁰, alkynyl substituted with hydroxy, alkenylsubstituted with hydroxy, alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy,—OR¹⁰, —CR¹⁰R¹¹SC¹⁰R¹¹R⁹ (where R⁹ is aryl), —CH₂S(aryl)-COR⁹ orheteroaryl.

Preferably, n is 2 and each D is phenyl wherein the second phenyl isattached at the 4-position of the first phenyl ring (phenyl attached tocarbon carrying the R⁵ and R⁶ groups) and further wherein each phenyl isoptionally substituted with one or two substituents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxyand the second phenyl is additionally substituted with R⁷. Morepreferably, each D is phenyl wherein the second phenyl is attached atthe 4-position of the first phenyl ring and the second phenyl isoptionally substituted with R⁷ which is located at the 4-position of thephenyl ring and is —SO₂R₁₂ (where R₁₂ is C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionallysubstituted with halo), —SO₂NR^(c)R^(d) (where R^(c) and R^(d) areindependently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d) together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl ring),—SR¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCOR⁹ (where R⁹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl),—NR¹⁰R¹¹ (where R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl, halo, —COOR¹⁰(where R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl 1), —OR⁹ (where R⁹ is hydrogen oraryl), aryl substituted with —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), cyano,haloalkyl, —CHO, —C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹)OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with—OR¹⁰ and halo, —COR¹⁰, or —NHSO₂R¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is C₁₋₆ alkyl) andadditionally the second phenyl ring is optionally substituted with asecond substitutent selected from halo, haloalkyl, —OR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ ishydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted withhalo) or —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl).

More preferably, the second phenyl is substituted with R⁷ at the4-position wherein R⁷ is —SO₂R¹² where R¹² is C₁₋₆alkyl (preferablymethyl) or —SO_(m)NR^(c)R^(d) where R^(c) and R^(d) are independentlyhydrogen or alkyl or R^(c) and R^(d) together form heterocyclyl, and mis an integer from zero to two. Preferably R⁷ is methylsulfonyl,N-methylaminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, or morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heterocyclyl (preferablypiperazin-1-yl or piperidin-4-yl) substituted with cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, more preferably cyclopropyl, methyl, ethyl, orhydroxyethyl and said heterocyclyl ring is attached at the 4-position ofthe phenyl ring.

Preferably, n is 2 where the first D (D attached to carbon carrying theR⁵ and R⁶ groups) is phenyl and the second D is heteroaryl which issubstituted with one or two substituents independently selected fromhydroxyalkyl, —SO₂R¹² (where R¹² is C₁₋₆ alkyl), C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, or—OR¹⁰.

Preferably n is 3 wherein the first and the second Ds are phenyl and thethird D is heterocyclyl and are optionally substituted as defined above.More preferably first and the second Ds are phenyl wherein the secondphenyl is attached at the 4-position of the first phenyl and theheterocyclyl is morpholin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl,piperidin-4-yl or piperazin-1-yl which are substituted with R⁷.Preferably R⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl.

In an embodiment of the invention, R⁴ and R⁸ or can be taken togetherwith any of the atoms to which they may be attached or are between themto form a 4-membered heterocyclyl ring system wherein said ring system,which may be monocyclic or bicyclic, is optionally substituted with C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, keto, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰ or —N(R¹⁰)₂. In afurther embodiment of the invention, R⁴ and R⁸ are defined such thatthey can be taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attachedto form a monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclyl with 5-7 members in eachring and optionally containing, in addition to the nitrogen, 1 or 2additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, said heterocycleoptionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, keto, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰ or —N(R¹⁰)₂. In afurther example, R⁴ and R⁸ are defined such that they can be takentogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5 or 6membered heterocyclyl ring system. Examples of the heterocycles that canthus be formed include, but are not limited five or six membered ringscontaining at least one nitrogen, which is optionally substituted withone or more substituents as described above. A preferred embodiment iswhen optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl is formed.

In an embodiment of the invention, R^(a) and R^(b) are defined such thatthey can be taken together with the carbon or nitrogen to which they areattached to form a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocycle or heterocycle with5-7 members in each ring. The heterocycle can optionally contain, inaddition to the nitrogen, 1 or 2 additional heteroatoms selected from N,O and S. Said carbocycle and heterocycle can be optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl and halo.

Reference to the preferred embodiments set forth above is meant toinclude all combinations of particular and preferred groups unlessstated otherwise.

Another embodiment of the present invention encompasses a process forpreparing compounds of the present invention, comprising:

(i) reacting a compound of formula (a):

where R¹-R⁶ and D are as defined as above, ni is an integer from 1-3,and X is halo, with a compound of formula (b):R⁷-(D)_(n2)-Y  (b)where R⁷ is as defined as above, n2 is an integer from 0 to 2 providedthat n¹ and n2 together are an integer from 1-3, and Y is boronic acidor 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl; or(ii) reacting a compound of formula (c):

where R³-R⁷, n, and D are as defined as above and Z is hydroxy, halo, orsuccinimido ester with a compound of formula (d):

or a salt thereof where R¹ and R² are as defined as above;(iii) optionally modifying any of the R¹-R⁷ and D groups;(iv) optionally treating a compound of formula (I), prepared in Steps(i)-(iii) above,with an acid to provide a corresponding acid addition salt;(v) optionally treating a compound of formula (I), prepared in Steps(i)-(iii) above, with a base to provide a corresponding free base; and(vi) optionally separating a mixture of stereoisomers of a compound offormula (I) prepared in Steps (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) above, toprovide a single stereoisomer.

Embodied by the present invention are methods for treating disordersrelated to abnormal bone resoprtion. Such disorders include, but are notlimited to, osteoporosis, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, Paget'sdisease, abnormally increased bone turnover, periodontal disease, toothloss, bone fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,periprosthetic osteolysis, osteogenesis imperfecta, metastatic bonedisease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and multiple myeloma. A preferredembodiment includes methods for treating osteoporosis and metastaticbone disease. A more preferred embodiment includes methods for treatingosteoporosis.

Representative compounds of the present invention are disclosed inTables I-IV below:

Compound of Formula I where R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, and R⁸ are hydrogen areshown in Table I below:

Stereochem at (*C,**C) R³ R⁶ —(D)_(n)—R⁷ RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ phenylRS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(4-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazin-1-yl)-biphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(piperazin-1-yl)biphen-4-yl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4'-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-biphen- 4-ylRS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-biphen-4-yl RS,R 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-bromophenyl RS,R2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl RS,R 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-morpholin-4-ylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl RS,R 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-N-methylaminosulfonylbiphen-4-yl R,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylphenyl R,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(pyridin-4-yl-1-N-oxide)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl) pyridin-3-yl- 1-N-oxide]phenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(6-methylsulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-phenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(methylsulfinyl)biphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl 2,4,6- 4-bromophenyltrifluoro- phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-cyclopropylaminocarbonylphenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methylthiobiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-carboxyphenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 3′-acetylaminobiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-piperidin-4-ylphenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl 2,4,6-4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl trifluoro- phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4- yl]-phenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4′-(4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-biphen-4- yl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl-carbonyl)phenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-dimethylaminobiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl- carbonyl]phenyl R,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl- carbonyl]phenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl]phenyl R,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-cyanomethylaminocarbonylphenyl RS,RS cyclopropyl- CF₃ 4-bromophenylmethyl RS,RS cyclopropyl- CF₃ 4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl methyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-morpholin-4-ylcarbonylphenyl RS,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4′-(pyridin-4-yl)biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(2-methylpyridin-5-yl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃5-phenylthien-2-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-quinolin-8-ylphenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-[3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-oxadiazol-5- yl]-phenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(aminosulfonyl)biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-(N-methyl-N-methoxyaminocarbonyl)- phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(trans-3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1- enyl)phenyl R,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4-bromophenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃ 4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)phenyl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(3-tert-butyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-yl)-phenyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-fluorobiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-methoxycarbonylphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(E-2-quinolin-2-ylethenyl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-carboxylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4′-methylthiobiphen-4-yl R,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 1,3-thiazol-2-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-methoxybiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-(N-methyl-N-methoxyamino)-biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-methoxyphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-ylRS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-[2-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-methylsulfonylbenzyl-thiomethyl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-chloropyridin-6-yl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′-aminosulfonyl-4′-bromobiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′-methylsulfonyl-4′-bromobiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-phenoxyphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-[3-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol- 5-yl]-phenyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(phenylthiomethyl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(benzoyl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-bromobiphen-4-yl RS,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-[4-methylsulfonylpiperazin-1-yl]-biphen- 4-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(4-chloropyridin-3-yl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4′-acetylamino-2′-methylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-trifluoromethylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-fluorobenzoylaminomethyl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(thien-2-ylcarbonyl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-methylsulfonylphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylcarbonyl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-ethylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-ylcarbonyl-aminomethyl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(cis-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-ethenyl)- phenyl S,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4-(9-chloro-3-methyl-4-oxo-isoxazolo[4,3-c]-quinolin-5(H)ylmethyl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methoxy-3′-methylsulfonyl-biphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3-bromophenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-(4-isopropylsulfonylphenyl)biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methylsulfonyl-2′-(4-chloro-phenyl)- biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4′-methylsulfonyl-2′-methoxy-biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-bromo-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃2′-chloro-4′-methylsulfonyl- biphen-4-yl S,S 1-methyl- CF₃ 4-bromophenylcyclopropyl- methyl S,S 1-methyl- CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-ylcyclopropyl- methyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 2-bromothien-5-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-thien-3-ylphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃2′-fluorobiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-hydroxymethylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-cyanobiphen-4-ylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 3′,4′-difluorobiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃2′-methoxycarbonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′-methoxycarbonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′,4′-dimethoxybiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃2′-trifluoromethylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′,4′-dichlorobiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 3′-formylbiphen-4-ylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazol-6-yl)- phenylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4′-trifluoromethoxybiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(1H-indol-4-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(pyrimidin-5-yl)phenylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(quinolin-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methoxycarbonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(furan-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)biphen-4-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(trans-2-methylsulfonylphenyl-ethenyl)- phenyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ biphen-4-yl R,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-bromobiphen-4-ylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-(pyridin-4-yl)biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methylthiobiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-aminosulfonylbiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-piperazin-1-ylbiphen-4-yl R,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-cyanomethylaminocarbonylphenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl- carbonyl)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(pyridin-3-yl-N-oxide)phenyl RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-(piperazin-1-yl)biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-2-yl4-bromophenyl R,S 2-methylpropyl 4-trifluoro- 4-bromophenyl methoxy-phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl 4-trifluoro- 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-ylmethoxy- phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-2-yl4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-2-yl4′-(tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazin-1-yl)biphen- 4-yl S,S 2-methylpropylthien-2-yl 4′-piperazin-1-ylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl 4-fluoro-4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl furan-2-yl4-bromophenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl furan-2-yl 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-ylRS,S n-propyl CF₃ 4-bromophenyl RS,S n-propyl CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl R,S 2-methylpropyl 4-CF₃- 4-bromophenylphenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl 4-CF₃- 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl phenyl S,Sn-propyl CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl RS,S n-propyl CF₃4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-biphen-4-yl R,S 2-methylpropyl4-chloro- 4-bromophenyl phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl 4-chloro-4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl 3-methyl-4-bromophenyl thien-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-3-yl 4-bromophenylRS,RS 2-methylpropyl 2,4- 4-bromophenyl difluoro- phenyl S,S2-methylpropyl 2,4- 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl difluoro- phenyl S,S2-methylpropyl thien-3-yl 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S2-methylpropyl 3-methyl- 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl thien-2-yl S,S2-methylpropyl 3-methyl- 4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-biphen-4-ylthien-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-3-yl4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-biphen-4-yl RS,S 3,3,3-trifluoro- CF₃4-bromophenyl propyl S,S 3,3,3-trifluoro- CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl propyl S,S 2-methylpropyl furan-3-yl4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl 4-bromo- 4-bromophenylthien-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl 4-(4- 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl methyl-sulfonyl- phenyl)- thien-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-3-yl4′-aminosulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl RS,S n-propyl pyridin-4-yl 4-bromophenylRS,S n-propyl thiazol-2-yl 4-bromophenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl thiazol-2-yl4-bromophenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl thiazol-2-yl4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl 1H-tetrazol-4-bromophenyl 5-yl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-ylmethylpropyl S,S 2S-trifluoro- CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-ylmethylpropyl S,S 2S-trifluoro- CF₃ 4′-methylthiobiphen-4-yl methylpropylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃ 4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)biphen-4- yl S,S 2R-trifluoro- CF34′-(methylsulfonyl)biphen-4-yl methylpropyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylsulfonyl)biphen- 4-yl

Compounds of Formula I where R¹ and R² together with the carbon atom towhich they are attached form cyclopropyl, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁸ are hydrogenare shown in Table II below:

Stereochem at (*C,**C) R³ R⁶ —(D)_(n)—R⁷ RS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-bromophenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S2-methylpropyl 3-methyl- 4-bromophenyl thien-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl3-methyl- 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl thien-2-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4-bromophenyl S,S2-methylpropyl thien-3-yl 4-bromophenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-3-yl4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-aminosulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl thien-3-yl4′-aminosulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-methoxy-3′-methylsulfonyl- biphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl S,S 3,3,3- CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl trifluoropropyl S,S n-propyl CF₃4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-biphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl S,S n-propylCF₃ 4′-acetylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 2′,4′-difluorobiphen-4-yl S,Sn-propyl CF₃ 3′,4′-difluorobiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃3′-chloro-4′-fluorobiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylamino-biphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-chlorobiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-chloro-3′-methylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-chloro-2′-methylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-indol-5-ylphenyl S,Sn-propyl CF₃ 3′-methylsulfonylamino- biphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-fluorobiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-fluoro-3′-methylbiphen-4-yl S,Sn-propyl CF₃ 3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-trifluoromethoxybiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-methylbiphen-4-yl S,Sn-propyl CF₃ 4′-cyanobiphen-4-yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-methoxybiphen-4-ylS,S n-propyl CF₃ 4-(3,4-methylenedioxy- phenyl)phenyl S,S n-propyl CF₃4′-methoxycarbonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl thiazol-2-4-bromophenyl yl S,S n-propyl CF₃ 4′-trifluoromethylbiphen-4-yl S,Sn-propyl CF₃ 2′-trifluoromethylbiphen-4-yl RS,S 2-methylpropylthiazol-2- 2′,4′-difluorobiphen-4-yl yl RS,S 2-methylpropyl thiazol-2-4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl yl S,S 2-methylpropyl 4-bromo-4-bromophenyl thien-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-methylphenyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(2-methyl-1,3-oxazol-4- yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′-acetylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 5-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-phenyl]pyridin-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4′-methoxy-3′-methylsulfonyl- biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃3′-aminosulfonyl-4′-methoxy- biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(6-methoxypyridin-3- yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(5-methylsulfonylpyridin-2- yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl methylpropyl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃2′-methyl-4′-methylsulfonyl- methylpropyl biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 5-(quinolin-6-yl)pyridin-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CHF₂4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4′-acetylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 6-chloropyridin-3-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 5-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃6-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃5-(3-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃5-[4-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]- pyridin-2-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3- thiazol-4-yl]phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)- phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃ 3′-acetylbiphen-4-ylmethylpropyl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃ 4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl methylpropylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 5-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)- pyridin-2-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)- biphen-4-yl S,S2S-trifluoro- CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl methylpropyl S,S2S-trifluoro- CF₃ 4′-methylthiobiphen-4-yl methylpropyl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃ 4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropylCF₃ 4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)- biphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₂CF₃4-(6-methoxypyridin-2- yl)phenyl S,S 2R-trifluoro- CF₃4′-methylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl methylpropyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)- phenyl S,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)- phenyl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃4′-ethylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl methylpropyl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl methylpropyl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃4′-methoxy-3'-methylsulfonyl- methylpropyl biphen-4-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl- propylsulfonyl)biphen-4-ylS,S 2-methylpropyl CF₃ 2′-methyl-4′-methylsulfonyl- biphen-4-yl S,S2-methylpropyl CF₃ 4′-ethylsulfonylbiphen-4-yl S,S 2-fluoro-2- CF₃4′-aminosulfonylbiphen-4-yl methylpropyl

Compounds of Formula I where R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom towhich they are attached form cyclohexyl, R¹, R⁵, and R⁸ are hydrogen areshown in Table III below:

Stereochem. at (*C) R² R⁶ —(D)_(n)—R⁷ RS H CF₃ phenyl RS H CF₃4-bromophenyl RS H CF₃ 4′-piperazin-1-yl)biphen-4-yl

Compounds of Formula I where R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R^(s) are hydrogen areshown in Table IV below:

Stereochem. at (*C,**C, ***C) R² R³ R⁶ —(D)_(n)—R⁷ S,S,S methyl2-methyl- CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonyl- propyl biphen-4-yl S,S,S2-methylthioethyl 2-methyl- CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonyl- propyl biphen-4-ylS,S,S 2-methylsulfonyl- 2-methyl- CF₃ 4′-methylsulfonyl- ethyl propylbiphen-4-yl

Specific embodiments of the present invention include, but are notlimited to:

-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(1E)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[methoxy(methyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-thien-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-cyano-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-2-carboxylic    acid methyl ester;-   4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-3-carboxylic    acid methyl ester;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(trifluoromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′-dichloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-formyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(trifluoromethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-indol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-carboxylic    acid methyl ester;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-furyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(acetylamino)-3′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-methylthien-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-acetylthien-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(trifluoromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5′-fluoro-2′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,5′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′,3′,5′-trifluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   3-(4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-3-yl)-acrylic    acid;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(9-anthryl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-benzoyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[2′-(cyanomethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5-phenylthien-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-8-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(isopropylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-((1S)-1-{4′-[(acetylamino)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(5-bromothien-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   4-(4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic    acid tert-butyl ester;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(1-{4-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(1-{4-[(cyclopropylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   4-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-benzoic    acid;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{1-[4-(3-tert-butyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{2-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-1-[(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxamide;-   1-{[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-1-{[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]amino}cyclohexanecarboxamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-piperidin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-cyclopropylalaninamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-cyclopropyl-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]alaninamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-pyridin-4-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-pyridin-4-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-bromo-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4-chloropyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(acetylamino)-2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4″-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-L-alaninamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-alaninamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-alaninamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-D-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-D-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-D-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(methylamino)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-D-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-oxidopyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{1-[3′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-propylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   4-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-benzoic    acid methyl ester;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(E)-2-quinolin-2-ylethenyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-((1S)-1-{4-[3-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(thien-2-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{(Z)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethenyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{(E)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethenyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-isobutyrylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4-bromo-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-cyanophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{1-[4′-(dimethylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-{[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-1-(4-{[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-carboxylic    acid;-   4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-carboxylic    acid methoxy-methyl-amide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-({[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]thio}methyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[3′-(aminosulfonyl)-4′-bromo-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-bromo-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-{5-chloro-3-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(phenylthio)methyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-((1S)-1-{4-[({[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-((1S)-1-{4-[(9-chloro-3-methyl-4-oxoisoxazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-5(4H)-yl)methyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4″-chloro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′:2′,1″-terphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methoxy-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[2′-chloro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-fluoro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-({2-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}sulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(4-bromophenyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)methyl]N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)phenyl](phenyl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{phenyl[4-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(4-bromophenyl)    [4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl][4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-glycoloylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2-fluoro-1-(fluoromethyl)-1-phenylethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylacetyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)prolyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-alaninamide;-   N²-[[4-(4-tert-butylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl](pentafluorophenyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-1-{1-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}piperidine-2-carboxamide;-   N²-[[4-(4-tert-butylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl](pyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{[4-(4-tert-butylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl][5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   (4S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4-methyl-1-[(1S)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;-   (4S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4-methyl-1-[(1R)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-1-[(1S)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-1-[(1R)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;-   N-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-1-[(1S)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-oxazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrazin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-fluoro-4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[3′-(aminosulfonyl)-4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[5-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5-quinolin-5-ylpyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5-quinolin-6-ylpyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1-ethoxyvinyl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-acetylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-isopropylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-methylcyclopropyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′,4′,6′-trimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[6-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[5-(3-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-(1-benzyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-methyl-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-methyl-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-[(1S)-1-cyanoethyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylthio)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(6′-methyl-3,3′-bipyridin-6-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   (4S)—N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   (4S)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   (4S)—N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   (4S)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   (4S)—N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinamide;-   (4S)—N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   (4R)—N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   (4R)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-alaninamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}propyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-alaninamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(isopropylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-(4′-piperazin-4-ium-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)(thien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide    methanesulfonate;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)    [4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(S)-(4-chlorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl](thien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(R)-(4-bromophenyl)    [4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(2-furyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-2-furyl[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-norvalinamide;-   N²-{(R)-(4-bromophenyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{1-[4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N²-[(R)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)    [4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-3-furyl[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide    N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-bromothien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²—((S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]{4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]thien-2-yl}methyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide;-   N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-bromothien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(S)-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(S)-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   2-{[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-pyridin-4-yl-methyl]-amino}-pentanoic acid    cyanomethyl-amide;-   2-{[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino+}-pentanoic acid    cyanomethyl-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-1-(2′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-1-(3′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-1-(3′-Chloro-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′-methanesulfonylamino-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoic    acid cyanomethyl-amide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-3′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   (2S)-2-{(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamino}-pentanoic    acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(3′-methanesulfonylamino-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-fluoro-3′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-fluoro-4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-trifluoromethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4′-Cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   (2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-Bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-{(S)-[(4′-Methanesulfonyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methyl-pentanoic    acid cyanomethyl-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(2′-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoic    acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-{(S)-[(2′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   (2S)-2-{(S)-[(4′-Methanesulfonylbiphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoic    acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxido-2,3-dihydro-1-benzothien-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-2,3-dihydro-1-benzothien-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   (2S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   (2S)—N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   (2S)—N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   (2S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   (2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(cyanomethyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   (2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   (2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   (2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(cyanomethyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(2′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{6-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-3-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{6-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyridin-3-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{6-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyridin-3-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanobutyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyano-2-cyclopropylethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyano-2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyano-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,3-diethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-diethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(1,1-diethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(3,3-diethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(2,2-diethyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5,5-diethyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-oxo-4-oxaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-oxo-5-oxaspiro[3.4]oct-7-en-8-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-oxo-4-oxaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-6-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-oxo-5-oxaspiro[3.4]oct-7-en-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylpyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(trifluoroacetyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylpyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(trifluoroacetyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N²[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;-   N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;-   N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;-   and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers and N-oxide    derivatives thereof.

Also included within the scope of the present invention is apharmaceutical composition which is comprised of a compound of Formula Ias described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Theinvention is also contemplated to encompass a pharmaceutical compositionwhich is comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any ofthe compounds specifically disclosed in the present application. Theseand other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the teachingscontained herein.

Utilities

The compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of cathepsins andare therefore useful to treat or prevent cathepsin dependent diseases orconditions in mammals, preferably humans. Specifically, the compounds ofthe present invention are inhibitors of Cathepsin K and are thereforeuseful to treat or prevent Cathepsin K dependent diseases or conditionsin mammals, preferably humans.

“Cathepsin dependent diseases or conditions” refers to pathologicconditions that depend on the activity of one or more cathepsins.“Cathepsin K dependent diseases or conditions” refers to pathologicconditions that depend on the activity of Cathepsin K. Diseasesassociated with Cathepsin K activities include osteoporosis,glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, Paget's disease, abnormallyincreased bone turnover, periodontal disease, tooth loss, bonefractures, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periprostheticosteolysis, osteogenesis imperfecta, metastatic bone disease,hypercalcemia of malignancy, and multiple myeloma. In treating suchconditions with the instantly claimed compounds, the requiredtherapeutic amount will vary according to the specific disease and isreadily ascertainable by those skilled in the art. Although bothtreatment and prevention are contemplated by the scope of the invention,the treatment of these conditions is the preferred use.

An embodiment of the invention is a method of inhibiting cathepsinactivity in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to themammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or anyof the pharmaceutical compositions described above.

A class of the embodiment is the method wherein the cathepsin activityis cathepsin K activity.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating orpreventing cathepsin dependent conditions in a mammal in need thereof,comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effectiveamount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed above.

A class of the embodiment is the method wherein the cathepsin activityis cathepsin K activity.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of inhibiting bone lossin a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal atherapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of thepharmaceutical compositions described above. Another embodiment of theinvention is a method of reducing bone loss in a mammal in need thereof,comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effectiveamount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed above. The utility of cathepsin K inhibitors in the inhibitionof bone resorption is known in the literature, see Stroup, G. B., Lark,M. W., Veber, D F., Bhattacharrya, A., Blake, S., Dare, L. C., Erhard,K. F., Hoffman, S. J., James, I. E., Marquis, R. w., Ru, Y.,Vasko-Moser, J. A., Smith, B. R., Tomaszek, T. and Gowen, M. Potent andselective inhibition of human cathepsin K leads to inhibition of boneresorption in vivo in a nonhuman primate. J. Bone Miner. Res.,16:1739-1746; 2001; and Votta, B. J., Levy, M. A., Badger, A., Dodds, R.A., James, I. E., Thompson, S., Bossard, M. J., Carr, T., Connor, J. R.,Tomaszek, T. A., Szewczuk, L., Drake, F. H., Veber, D., and Gowen, M.Peptide aldehyde inhibitors of cathepsin K inhibit bone resorption bothin vivo and in vitro. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12:1396-1406; 1997.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating orpreventing osteoporosis in a mammal in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any ofthe compounds or any of the above pharmaceutical compositions describedabove. The utility of cathepsin K inhibitors in the treatment orprevention of osteoporosis is known in the literature, see Saftig, P.,Hunziker, E., Wehmeyer, O., Jones, S., Boyde, A., Rommerskirch, W.,Moritz, J. D., Schu, P., and Vonfigura, K. Impaired osteoclast boneresorption leads to osteoporosis in cathepsin K-deficient mice. Proc.Natl. acad. Sci. USA 95:13453-13458; 1998.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating orpreventing rheumatoid arthritic condition in a mammal in need thereof,comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effectiveamount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed above. It is known in the literature that progressivedestruction of the periarticular bone is a major cause of jointdysfunction and disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA),see Goldring S R, “Pathogenesis of bone erosions in rheumatoidarthritis”. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2002; 14: 406-10. Analysis of jointtissues from patients with RA have provided evidence that cathepsin Kpositive osteoclasts are the cell types that mediate the focal boneresorption associated with rheumatoid synovial lesion, see Hou, W-S, Li,W, Keyszer, G, Weber, E, Levy, R, Klein, M J, Gravallese, E M, Goldring,S R, Bromme, D, “Comparision of Cathepsin K and S expression within theRheumatoid and Osteoarthritic Synovium”, Arthritis Rheumatism 2002; 46:663-74. In addition, generalized bone loss is a major cause of morbilityassociated with severe RA. The frequency of hip and spinal fractures issubstantially increased in patients with chronic RA, see Gould A,Sambrook, P, Devlin J et al, “Osteoclastic activation is the principalmechanism leading to secondary osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis”. J.Rheumatol. 1998; 25: 1282-9. The utility of cathepsin K inhibitors inthe treatment or prevention of resorption in subarticular bone and ofgeneralized bone loss represent a rational approach for pharmacologicalintervention on the progression of rheumatoid arthritis.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating orpreventing the progression of osteoarthritis in a mammal in needthereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeuticallyeffective amount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceuticalcompositions described above. It is known in the literature thatosteoarthritis (OA) is accompanied with a well-defined changes in thejoints, including erosion of the articular cartilage surface,peri-articular endochondral ossification/osteophytosis, and subchondralbony sclerosis and cyst formation, see Oettmeier R, Abendroth, K,“Osteoarthritis and bone: osteologic types of osteoarthritis of thehip”, Skeletal Radiol. 1989; 18: 165-74. Recently, the potentialcontribution of subchondral bone sclerosis to the initiation andprogression of OA have been suggested. Stiffened subchondral bone as thejoint responding to repetitive impulsive loading, is less able toattenuate and distribute forces through the joint, subjecting it togreater mechanical stress across the articular cartilage surface. Thisin turn accelerates cartilage wear and fibrillate, see Radin, E L andRose R M, “Role of subchondral bone in the initiation and progression ofcartilage damage”, Clin. Orthop. 1986; 213: 34-40. Inhibition ofexcessive subarticular bone resorption by an anti-resorptive agent suchas a cathepsin K inhibitor, will lead to inhibition of subchondral boneturnover, thus may have a favorable impact on OA progression. Inaddition to the above hypothesis, cathepsin K protein expression wasrecently identified in synovial fibroblasts, macrophage-like cells, andchondrocytes from synovium and articular cartilage specimens derivedfrom OA patients, see Hou, W-S, Li, W, Keyszer, G, Weber, E, Levy, R,Klein, M J, Gravallese, E M, Goldring, S R, Bromme, D, “Comparison ofCathepsin K and S expression within the Rheumatoid and OsteoarthriticSynovium”, Arthritis Rheumatism 2002; 46: 663-74; and Dodd, R A, Connor,J R, Drake, F H, Gowen, M, “Expression of Cathepsin K messenger RNA ingiant cells and their precursors in human osteoarthritic synovialtissues”. Arthritis Rheumatism 1999; 42: 1588-93; and Konttinen, Y T,Mandelin, J, Li, T-F, Salo, J, Lassus, J et al. “Acidic cysteineendoproteinase cathepsin K in the degeneration of the superficialarticular hyaline cartilage in osteoarthritis”, Arthritis Rheumatism2002; 46: 953-60. These recent studies thus implicated the role ofcathepsin K in the destruction of collagen type II in the articularcartilage associated with the progression of osteoarthritis. The utilityof cathepsin K inhibitors in the treatment or prevention ofosteoarthritis as described in this invention thus comprise of twodifferent mechanisms, one is on the inhibition of osteoclast-drivensubchondral bone turnover, and two is on the direct inhibition ofcollagen type II degeneration in the synovium and cartilage of patientswith OA.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method treating cancer in amammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal atherapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of thepharmaceutical compositions described above. It is known in theliterature that cathepsin K is expressed in human breast carcinoma, seeLittlewood-Evans A J, Bilbe G, Bowler W B, Farley D, Wlodarski B, KokuboT, Inaoka T, Sloane J, Evans D B, Gallagher J A, “Theosteoclast-associated protease cathepsin K is expressed in human breastcarcinoma.” Cancer Res 1997 Dec. 1; 57(23):5386-90.

Exemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds describedabove in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/orprevention of osteoporosis in a mammal in need thereof. Still furtherexemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds describedabove in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/orprevention of: bone loss, bone resorption, bone fractures, metastaticbone disease and/or disorders related to cathepsin functioning.

The compounds of this invention may be administered to mammals,preferably humans, either alone or, preferably, in combination withpharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents, optionally with knownadjuvants, such as alum, in a pharmaceutical composition, according tostandard pharmaceutical practice. The compounds can be administeredorally or parenterally, including the intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes ofadministration.

In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly usedinclude lactose and corn starch, and lubricating agents, such asmagnesium stearate, are commonly added. For oral administration incapsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. Fororal use of a therapeutic compound according to this invention, theselected compound may be administered, for example, in the form oftablets or capsules, or as an aqueous solution or suspension. For oraladministration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drugcomponent can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceuticallyacceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose,methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calciumsulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration inliquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral,non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol,glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary,suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agentscan also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders includestarch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, cornsweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth orsodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes andthe like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate,sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate,sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, withoutlimitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum andthe like. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the activeingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. Ifdesired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring agents may be added. Forintramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous use,sterile solutions of the active ingredient are usually prepared, and thepH of the solutions should be suitably adjusted and buffered. Forintravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlledin order to render the preparation isotonic.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in theform of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles,large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can beformed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol,stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.

Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered by the use ofmonoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compoundmolecules are coupled. The compounds of the present invention may alsobe coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Suchpolymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer,polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol,polyhydroxy-ethylaspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysinesubstituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of thepresent invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymersuseful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example,polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polyactic andpolyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid,polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates andcrosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.

The instant compounds are also useful in combination with known agentsuseful for treating or preventing osteoporosis, glucocorticoid inducedosteoporosis, Paget's disease, abnormally increased bone turnover,periodontal disease, tooth loss, bone fractures, rheumatoid arthritis,osteoarthritis, periprosthetic osteolysis, osteogenesis imperfecta,metastatic bone disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and multiplemyeloma. Combinations of the presently disclosed compounds with otheragents useful in treating or preventing osteoporosis or other bonedisorders are within the scope of the invention. A person of ordinaryskill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agentswould be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs andthe disease involved. Such agents include the following: an organicbisphosphonate; an estrogen receptor modulator; an androgen receptormodulator; an inhibitor of osteoclast proton ATPase; an inhibitor ofHMG-CoA reductase; an integrin receptor antagonist; an osteoblastanabolic agent, such as PTH; and the pharmaceutically acceptable saltsand mixtures thereof. A preferred combination is a compound of thepresent invention and an organic bisphosphonate. Another preferredcombination is a compound of the present invention and an estrogenreceptor modulator. Another preferred combination is a compound of thepresent invention and an androgen receptor modulator. Another preferredcombination is a compound of the present invention and an osteoblastanabolic agent.

“Organic bisphosphonate” includes, but is not limited to, compounds ofthe chemical formula

wherein n is an integer from 0 to 7 and wherein A and X areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, halogen, NH₂,SH, phenyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C30 branched or cycloalkyl, bicyclic ringstructure containing two or three N, C1-C30 substituted alkyl, C1-C10alkyl substituted NH₂, C3-C10 branched or cycloalkyl substituted NH₂,C1-C10 dialkyl substituted NH₂, C1-C10 alkoxy, C1-C10 alkyl substitutedthio, thiophenyl, halophenylthio, C1-C10 alkyl substituted phenyl,pyridyl, furanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, andbenzyl, such that both A and X are not selected from H or OH when n is0; or A and X are taken together with the carbon atom or atoms to whichthey are attached to form a C3-C10 ring.

In the foregoing chemical formula, the alkyl groups can be straight,branched, or cyclic, provided sufficient atoms are selected for thechemical formula. The C1-C30 substituted alkyl can include a widevariety of substituents, nonlimiting examples which include thoseselected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, furanyl,pyrrolidinyl, imidazonyl, NH₂, C1-C10 alkyl or dialkyl substituted NH₂,OH, SH, and C1-C10 alkoxy.

The foregoing chemical formula is also intended to encompass complexcarbocyclic, aromatic and hetero atom structures for the A and/or Xsubstituents, nonlimiting examples of which include naphthyl, quinolyl,isoquinolyl, adamantyl, and chlorophenylthio.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives of the bisphosphonatesare also useful herein. Non-limiting examples of salts include thoseselected from the group consisting alkali metal, alkaline metal,ammonium, and mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra-C1-C30-alkyl-substitutedammonium. Preferred salts are those selected from the group consistingof sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and ammonium salts. Morepreferred are sodium salts. Non-limiting examples of derivatives includethose selected from the group consisting of esters, hydrates, andamides.

It should be noted that the terms “bisphosphonate” and“bisphosphonates”, as used herein in referring to the therapeutic agentsof the present invention are meant to also encompass diphosphonates,biphosphonic acids, and diphosphonic acids, as well as salts andderivatives of these materials. The use of a specific nomenclature inreferring to the bisphosphonate or bisphosphonates is not meant to limitthe scope of the present invention, unless specifically indicated.Because of the mixed nomenclature currently in use by those of ordinaryskill in the art, reference to a specific weight or percentage of abisphosphonate compound in the present invention is on an acid activeweight basis, unless indicated otherwise herein. For example, the phrase“about 5 mg of a bone resorption inhibiting bisphosphonate selected fromthe group consisting of alendronate, pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof, and mixtures thereof, on an alendronic acid active weightbasis” means that the amount of the bisphosphonate compound selected iscalculated based on 5 mg of alendronic acid.

Non-limiting examples of bisphosphonates useful herein include thefollowing:

Alendronic acid, 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid.

Alendronate (also known as alendronate sodium or alendronate monosodiumtrihydrate), 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acidmonosodium trihydrate.

Alendronic acid and alendronate are described in U.S. Pat. No.4,922,007, to Kieczykowski et al., issued May 1, 1990; U.S. Pat. No.5,019,651, to Kieczykowski et al., issued May 28, 1991; U.S. Pat. No.5,510,517, to Dauer et al., issued Apr. 23, 1996; U.S. Pat. No.5,648,491, to Dauer et al., issued Jul. 15, 1997, all of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Cycloheptylaminomethylene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid, YM 175, Yamanouchi(incadronate, formerly known as cimadronate), as described in U.S. Pat.No. 4,970,335, to Isomura et al., issued Nov. 13, 1990, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

1,1-dichloromethylene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (clodronic acid), and thedisodium salt (clodronate, Procter and Gamble), are described in BelgiumPatent 672,205 (1966) and J. Org. Chem. 32, 4111 (1967), both of whichare incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

1-hydroxy-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid(EB-1053).

1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (etidronic acid).

1-hydroxy-3-(N-methyl-N-pentylamino)propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid,also known as BM-210955, Boehringer-Mannheim (ibandronate), is describedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,814, issued May 22, 1990, which is incorporatedby reference herein in its entirety.

1-hydroxy-2-imidazo-(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yethylidene (minodronate).

6-amino-1-hydroxyhexylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (neridronate).

3-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid(olpadronate).

3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (pamidronate).

[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethylidene]-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (piridronate) isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,761,406, which is incorporated by referencein its entirety.

1-hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)-ethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid(risedronate).

(4-chlorophenyl)thiomethane-1,1-disphosphonic acid (tiludronate) asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,248, to Breliere et al., Oct. 24, 1989,which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

1-hydroxy-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid(zoledronate).

Nonlimiting examples of bisphosphonates include alendronate,cimadronate, clodronate, etidronate, ibandronate, incadronate,minodronate, neridronate, olpadronate, pamidronate, piridronate,risedronate, tiludronate, and zolendronate, and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts and esters thereof. A particularly preferredbisphosphonate is alendronate, especially a sodium, potassium, calcium,magnesium or ammonium salt of alendronic acid. Exemplifying thepreferred bisphosphonate is a sodium salt of alendronic acid, especiallya hydrated sodium salt of alendronic acid. The salt can be hydrated witha whole number of moles of water or non whole numbers of moles of water.Further exemplifying the preferred bisphosphonate is a hydrated sodiumsalt of alendronic acid, especially when the hydrated salt isalendronate monosodium trihydrate.

It is recognized that mixtures of two or more of the bisphosphonateactives can be utilized.

The precise dosage of the organic bisphosphonate will vary with thedosing schedule, the particular bisphosphonate chosen, the age, size,sex and condition of the mammal or human, the nature and severity of thedisorder to be treated, and other relevant medical and physical factors.Thus, a precise pharmaceutically effective amount cannot be specified inadvance and can be readily determined by the caregiver or clinician.Appropriate amounts can be determined by routine experimentation fromanimal models and human clinical studies. Generally, an appropriateamount of bisphosphonate is chosen to obtain a bone resorptioninhibiting effect, i.e. a bone resorption inhibiting amount of thebisphosphonate is administered. For humans, an effective oral dose ofbisphosphonate is typically from about 1.5 to about 6000 g/kg bodyweight and preferably about 10 to about 2000 g/kg of body weight. Foralendronate monosodium trihydrate, common human doses which areadministered are generally in the range of about 2 mg/day to about 40mg/day, preferably about 5 mg/day to about 40 mg/day. In the U.S.presently approved dosages for alendronate monosodium trihydrate are 5mg/day for preventing osteoporosis, 10 mg/day for treating osteoporosis,and 40 mg/day for treating Paget's disease.

In alternative dosing regimens, the bisphosphonate can be administeredat intervals other than daily, for example once-weekly dosing,twice-weekly dosing, biweekly dosing, and twice-monthly dosing. In aonce weekly dosing regimen, alendronate monosodium trihydrate would beadministered at dosages of 35 mg/week or 70 mg/week.

“Selective estrogen receptor modulators” refers to compounds whichinterfere or inhibit the binding of estrogen to the receptor, regardlessof mechanism.

Examples of estrogen receptor modulators include, but are not limitedto, estrogen, progestogen, estradiol, droloxifene, raloxifene,lasofoxifene, TSE-424, tamoxifen, idoxifene, LY353381, LY117081,toremifene, fulvestrant,4-[7-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-phenyl-2,2-dimethylpropanoate,4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone, and SH646.

An “estrogen receptor beta modulator” is a compound that selectivelyagonizes or antagonizes estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). Agonizing ERβincreases transcription of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH, the keyenzyme in serotonin synthesis) via an ERβ mediated event. Examples ofestrogen receptor beta agonists can be found in PCT Internationalpublication WO 01/82923, which published on Nov. 8, 2001, and WO02/41835, which published on May 20, 2002, both of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

“Androgen receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere orinhibit the binding of androgens to the receptor, regardless ofmechanism. Examples of androgen receptor modulators include finasterideand other 5α-reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide,liarozole, and abiraterone acetate.

“An inhibitor of osteoclast proton ATPase” refers to an inhibitor of theproton ATPase, which is found on the apical membrane of the osteoclast,and has been reported to play a significant role in the bone resorptionprocess. This proton pump represents an attractive target for the designof inhibitors of bone resorption which are potentially useful for thetreatment and prevention of osteoporosis and related metabolic diseases.See C. Farina et al., “Selective inhibitors of the osteoclast vacuolarproton ATPase as novel bone antiresorptive agents,” DDT, 4: 163-172(1999)), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

“HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors” refers to inhibitors of3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Compounds which haveinhibitory activity for HMG-CoA reductase can be readily identified byusing assays well-known in the art. For example, see the assaysdescribed or cited in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938 at col. 6, and WO 84/02131at pp. 30-33. The terms “HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor” and “inhibitor ofHMG-CoA reductase” have the same meaning when used herein.

Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include butare not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,938,4,294,926 and 4,319,039), simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos.4,444,784, 4,820,850 and 4,916,239), pravastatin (PRAVACHOL®; see U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,346,227, 4,537,859, 4,410,629, 5,030,447 and 5,180,589),fluvastatin (LESCOL®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,354,772, 4,911,165,4,929,437, 5,189,164, 5,118,853, 5,290,946 and 5,356,896), atorvastatin(LIPITOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,273,995, 4,681,893, 5,489,691 and5,342,952) and cerivastatin (also known as rivastatin and BAYCHOL®; seeU.S. Pat. No. 5,177,080). The structural formulas of these andadditional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used in the instantmethods are described at page 87 of M. Yalpani, “Cholesterol LoweringDrugs”, Chemistry & Industry, pp. 85-89 (5 Feb. 1996) and U.S. Pat. Nos.4,782,084 and 4,885,314. The term HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as usedherein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acidforms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) aswell as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductaseinhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters,open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of thisinvention. An illustration of the lactone portion and its correspondingopen-acid form is shown below as structures I and II.

In HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors where an open-acid form can exist, saltand ester forms may preferably be formed from the open-acid, and allsuch forms are included within the meaning of the term “HMG-CoAreductase inhibitor” as used herein. Preferably, the HMG-CoA reductaseinhibitor is selected from lovastatin and simvastatin, and mostpreferably simvastatin. Herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptablesalts” with respect to the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor shall meannon-toxic salts of the compounds employed in this invention which aregenerally prepared by reacting the free acid with a suitable organic orinorganic base, particularly those formed from cations such as sodium,potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc andtetramethylammonium, as well as those salts formed from amines such asammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, lysine, arginine,ornithine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine,diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine,1-p-chlorobenzyl-2-pyrrolidine-1′-yl-methylbenz-imidazole, diethylamine,piperazine, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. Further examples ofsalt forms of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may include, but are notlimited to, acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate,bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate,chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate,estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate,glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide,hydrochloride, hydroxynapthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate,lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate,methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, pamaote,palmitate, panthothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate,salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate,teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide, and valerate.

Ester derivatives of the described HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor compoundsmay act as prodrugs which, when absorbed into the bloodstream of awarm-blooded animal, may cleave in such a manner as to release the drugform and permit the drug to afford improved therapeutic efficacy.

As used above, “integrin receptor antagonists” refers to compounds whichselectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiologicalligand to the α_(v)β₃ integrin, to compounds which selectivelyantagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand tothe α_(v)β₅ integrin, to compounds which antagonize, inhibit orcounteract binding of a physiological ligand to both the α_(v)β₃integrin and the α_(v)β₅ integrin, and to compounds which antagonize,inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s)expressed on capillary endothelial cells. The term also refers toantagonists of the α_(v)β₆, α_(v)β₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₅β₁, α₆β₁ and α₆β₄integrins. The term also refers to antagonists of any combination ofα_(v)β₃, α_(v)β₅, α_(v)β₆, α_(v)β₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₅β₁, α₆β₁ and α₆β₄integrins. H. N. Lode and coworkers in PNAS USA 96: 1591-1596 (1999)have observed synergistic effects between an antiangiogenic αv integrinantagonist and a tumor-specific antibody-cytokine (interleukin-2) fusionprotein in the eradication of spontaneous tumor metastases. Theirresults suggested this combination as having potential for the treatmentof cancer and metastatic tumor growth. α_(v)β₃ integrin receptorantagonists inhibit bone resorption through a new mechanism distinctfrom that of all currently available drugs. Integrins are heterodimerictransmembrane adhesion receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrixinteractions. The α and β integrin subunits interact non-covalently andbind extracellular matrix ligands in a divalent cation-dependent manner.The most abundant integrin on osteoclasts is α_(v)β₃ (>10⁷/osteoclast),which appears to play a rate-limiting role in cytoskeletal organizationimportant for cell migration and polarization. The α_(v)β₃ antagonizingeffect is selected from inhibition of bone resorption, inhibition ofrestenosis, inhibition of macular degeneration, inhibition of arthritis,and inhibition of cancer and metastatic growth.

“An osteoblast anabolic agent” refers to agents that build bone, such asPTH. The intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or itsamino-terminal fragments and analogues have been shown to prevent,arrest, partially reverse bone loss and stimulate bone formation inanimals and humans. For a discussion refer to D. W. Dempster et al.,“Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone,” Endocr Rev 14:690-709 (1993). Studies have demonstrated the clinical benefits ofparathyroid hormone in stimulating bone formation and thereby increasingbone mass and strength. Results were reported by R M Neer et al., in NewEng J Med 344 1434-1441 (2001).

In addition, parathyroid hormone-related protein fragments or analogues,such as PTHrP-(1-36) have demonstrated potent anticalciuric effects [seeM. A. Syed et al., “Parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-36)stimulates renal tubular calcium reabsorption in normal humanvolunteers: implications for the pathogenesis of humoral hypercalcemiaof malignancy,” JCEM 86: 1525-1531 (2001)] and may also have potentialas anabolic agents for treating osteoporosis.

If formulated as a fixed dose, such combination products employ thecompounds of this invention within the dosage range described below andthe other pharmaceutically active agent(s) within its approved dosagerange. Compounds of the instant invention may alternatively be usedsequentially with known pharmaceutically acceptable agent(s) when acombination formulation is inappropriate.

The term “administration” and variants thereof (e.g., “administering” acompound) in reference to a compound of the invention means introducingthe compound or a prodrug of the compound into the system of the animalin need of treatment. When a compound of the invention or prodrugthereof is provided in combination with one or more other active agents(e.g., a cytotoxic agent, etc.), “administration” and its variants areeach understood to include concurrent and sequential introduction of thecompound or prodrug thereof and other agents. The present inventionincludes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention.In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of thecompounds of this invention which are readily convertible in vivo intothe required compound. Thus, in the methods of treatment of the presentinvention, the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of thevarious conditions described with the compound specifically disclosed orwith a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but whichconverts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to thepatient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation ofsuitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design ofProdrugs,” ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. Metabolites of these compounds includeactive species produced upon introduction of compounds of this inventioninto the biological milieu.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass aproduct comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts,as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, fromcombination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein means thatamount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits thebiological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or humanthat is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor orother clinician.

The terms “treating” or “treatment” of a disease as used hereinincludes: preventing the disease, i.e. causing the clinical symptoms ofthe disease not to develop in a mammal that may be exposed to orpredisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or displaysymptoms of the disease; inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting orreducing the development of the disease or its clinical symptoms; orrelieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease or itsclinical symptoms.

The term “bone resorption,” as used herein, refers to the process bywhich osteoclasts degrade bone.

The present invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical compositionuseful in the treatment of osteoporosis or other bone disorders,comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount ofthe compounds of this invention, with or without pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers or diluents. Suitable compositions of this inventioninclude aqueous solutions comprising compounds of this invention andpharmacologically acceptable carriers, e.g., saline, at a pH level,e.g., 7.4. The solutions may be introduced into a patient's bloodstreamby local bolus injection.

When a compound according to this invention is administered into a humansubject, the daily dosage will normally be determined by the prescribingphysician with the dosage generally varying according to the age,weight, and response of the individual patient, as well as the severityof the patient's symptoms.

In one exemplary application, a suitable amount of compound isadministered to a mammal undergoing treatment for a cathepsin dependentcondition. Oral dosages of the present invention, when used for theindicated effects, will range between about 0.01 mg per kg of bodyweight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 100 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.01 to 10mg/kg/day, and most preferably 0.1 to 5.0 mg/kg/day. For oraladministration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form oftablets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0,25.0, 50.0, 100 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for thesymptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. Amedicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of theactive ingredient, preferably, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of activeingredient. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range fromabout 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion.Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administeredin a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered individed doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, preferredcompounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasalform via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermalroutes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of atransdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course,be continuous rather than intermittant throughout the dosage regimen.

The compounds of the present invention can be used in combination withother agents useful for treating cathepsin-mediated conditions. Theindividual components of such combinations can be administeredseparately at different times during the course of therapy orconcurrently in divided or single combination forms. The instantinvention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes ofsimultaneous or alternating treatment and the term “administering” is tobe interpreted accordingly. It will be understood that the scope ofcombinations of the compounds of this invention with other agents usefulfor treating cathepsin-mediated conditions includes in principle anycombination with any pharmaceutical composition useful for treatingdisorders related to estrogen functioning.

The scope of the invention therefore encompasses the use of theinstantly claimed compounds in combination with a second agent selectedfrom: an organic bisphosphonate; an estrogen receptor modulator; anandrogen receptor modulator; an inhibitor of osteoclast proton ATPase;an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase; an integrin receptor antagonist; anosteoblast anabolic agent, such as PTH; and the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts and mixtures thereof.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from theteachings contained herein.

Definitions

The compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers,chiral axes, and chiral planes (as described in: E. L. Eliel and S. H.Wilen, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York,1994, pages 1119-1190), and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and asindividual diastereomers, with all possible isomers and mixturesthereof, including optical isomers, being included in the presentinvention. In addition, the compounds disclosed herein may exist astautomers and both tautomeric forms are intended to be encompassed bythe scope of the invention, even though only one tautomeric structure isdepicted. For example, any claim to compound A below is understood toinclude tautomeric structure B, and vice versa, as well as mixturesthereof.

When any variable (e.g. R1, R2, Ra etc.) occurs more than one time inany constituent, its definition on each occurrence is independent atevery other occurrence. Also, combinations of substituents and variablesare permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.Lines drawn into the ring systems from substituents indicate that theindicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ring carbonatoms. If the ring system is polycyclic, it is intended that the bond beattached to any of the suitable carbon atoms on the proximal ring only.

It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on thecompounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of ordinaryskill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable andthat can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as wellas those methods set forth below, from readily available startingmaterials. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than onegroup, it is understood that these multiple groups may be on the samecarbon or on different carbons, so long as a stable structure results.The phrase “optionally substituted with one or more substituents” shouldbe taken to be equivalent to the phrase “optionally substituted with atleast one substituent” and in such cases the preferred embodiment willhave from zero to three substituents.

As used herein, “alkyl” is intended to include both branched andstraight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having one to tencarbon atoms unless otherwise specified. For example, C₁-C₁₀, as in“C₁-C₁₀ alkyl” is defined to include groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9 or 10 carbons in a linear, branched, or cyclic arrangement. Forexample, “C₁-C₁₀ alkyl” specifically includes methyl, ethyl, propyl,butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and so on.

“Alkoxy” or “alkyloxy” represents an alkyl group as defined above,unless otherwise indicated, wherein said alkyl group is attached throughan oxygen bridge.

The term “cycloalkyl” or “carbocycle” shall mean cyclic rings of alkanesof three to eight total carbon atoms, unless otherwise indicated, or anynumber within this range (i.e., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl).

If no number of carbon atoms is specified, the term “alkenyl” refers toa non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical, straight or branched, containingfrom 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least 1 carbon to carbon double bond.Preferably 1 carbon to carbon double bond is present, and up to 4non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds may be present. Thus, “C₂-C₆alkenyl” means an alkenyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.Alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl and cyclohexenyl. Asdescribed above with respect to alkyl, the straight, branched or cyclicportion of the alkenyl group may contain double bonds and may besubstituted if a substituted alkenyl group is indicated.

The term “cycloalkenyl” shall mean cyclic rings of 3 to 10 carbon atoms,unless otherwise specified, containing at least 1 carbon to carbondouble bond (i.e., cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopenentyl,cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl or cycloocentyl).

The term “alkynyl” refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight or branched,containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, unless otherwise specified,containing at least 1 carbon to carbon triple bond. Up to 3carbon-carbon triple bonds may be present. Thus, “C₂-C₆ alkynyl” meansan alkynyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkynyl groupsinclude ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl. As described above with respectto alkyl, the straight, branched or cyclic portion of the alkynyl groupmay contain triple bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkynylgroup is indicated.

In certain instances, substituents may be defined with a range ofcarbons that includes zero, such as (C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl. If aryl istaken to be phenyl, this definition would include phenyl itself as wellas —CH₂Ph, —CH₂CH₂Ph, CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)Ph, and so on.

As used herein, “aryl” is intended to mean any stable monocyclic orbicyclic carbon ring of up to 12 atoms in each ring, wherein at leastone ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl,naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl oracenaphthyl. In cases where the aryl substituent is bicyclic and onering is non-aromatic, it is understood that attachment is via thearomatic ring.

The term “heteroaryl”, as used herein, represents a stable monocyclic,bicyclic or tricyclic ring of up to 10 atoms in each ring, wherein atleast one ring is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of O, N and S. Heteroaryl groups within thescope of this definition include but are not limited to:benzoimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl,benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl,cinnolinyl, furanyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl,isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl,naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazoline, isoxazoline, pyranyl,pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrazolyl,tetrazolopyridyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl,dihydrobenzoimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl,dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroquinolinyl,methylenedioxybenzene, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, oxazolyl, and tetra-hydroquinoline. In cases where theheteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic orcontains no heteroatoms, it is understood that attachment is via thearomatic ring or via the heteroatom containing ring, respectively. Ifthe heteroaryl contains nitrogen atoms, it is understood that thecorresponding N-oxides thereof are also encompassed by this definition.

As appreciated by those of skill in the art, “halo” or “halogen” as usedherein is intended to include chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo. The term“keto” means carbonyl (C═O). The term “alkoxy” as used herein means analkyl portion, where alkyl is as defined above, connected to theremainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy includemethoxy, ethoxy and the like.

The term “haloalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined above, unlessotherwise specified, that is substituted with one to five, preferablyone to three halogen. Representative examples include, but are notlimited to trifluoromethyl, dichloroethyl, and the like.

The term “haloalkoxy” represents a radical —OR where R is alkyl asdefined above that is substituted with one to five, preferably one tothree halogen. Representative examples include, but are not limited totrifluoromethyloxy, dichloroethyloxy, and the like.

The term “arylalkyl” includes an alkyl portion where alkyl is as definedabove and to include an aryl portion where aryl is as defined above.Examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl,fluorobenzyl, chlorobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl,fluorophenylethyl, and chlorophenylethyl. Examples of alkylaryl include,but are not limited to, toluoyl, ethylphenyl, and propylphenyl.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” as used herein, shall refer to a system thatincludes a heteroaryl portion, where heteroaryl is as defined above, andcontains an alkyl portion. Examples of heteroarylalkyl include, but arenot limited to, thienylmethyl, thienylethyl, thienylpropyl,pyridylmethyl, pyridylethyl and imidazoylmethyl.

The term “cycloalkylalkyl” includes an alkyl portion where alkyl is asdefined above and also includes an cycloalkyl portion where cycloalkylis as defined above. Examples of cycloalkylalkyl include, but are notlimited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl,cyclopropylethyl, and the like.

The term “hydroxyalkyl” means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical ofone to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical ofthree to six carbons substituted with one or two hydroxy groups,provided that if two hydroxy groups are present they are not both on thesame carbon atom. Representative examples include, but are not limitedto, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, andthe like.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” as used herein is intended tomean a 5- to 10-membered nonaromatic ring, unless otherwise specified,containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting ofO, N, S, SO, or SO₂ and includes bicyclic groups. “Heterocyclyl”therefore includes, but is not limited to the following: piperazinyl,piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl,tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropiperidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl and thelike. If the heterocycle contains a nitrogen, it is understood that thecorresponding N-oxides thereof are also emcompassed by this definition.

The present invention also includes N-oxide derivatives and protectedderivatives of compounds of Formula I. For example, when compounds ofFormula I contain an oxidizable nitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom canbeconverted to an N-oxide by methods well known in the art. Also whencompounds of Formula I contain groups such as hydroxy, carboxy, thiol orany group containing a nitrogen atom(s), these groups can be protectedwith a suitable protecting groups. A comprehensive list of suitableprotective groups can be found in T. W. Greene, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1981, the disclosure of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The protectedderivatives of compounds of Formula I can be prepared by methods wellknown in the art.

Whenever the term “alkyl” or “aryl” or either of their prefix rootsappear in a name of a substituent (e.g., aryl C₀₋₈ alkyl) it shall beinterpreted as including those limitations given above for “alkyl” and“aryl.” Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., C₁₋₁₀) shall referindependently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl or cyclic alkylmoiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkylappears as its prefix root.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this inventioninclude the conventional non-toxic salts of the compounds of thisinvention as formed inorganic or organic acids. For example,conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acidssuch as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric,nitric and the like, as well as salts prepared from organic acids suchas acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic,tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic,glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxy-benzoic, fumaric,toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic,trifluoroacetic and the like. The preparation of the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts described above and other typical pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts is more fully described by Berg et al., “PharmaceuticalSalts,” J. Pharm. Sci., 1977:66:1-19, hereby incorporated by reference.The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this inventioncan be synthesized from the compounds of this invention which contain abasic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, thesalts of the basic compounds are prepared either by ion exchangechromatography or by reacting the free base with stoichiometric amountsor with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acidin a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents. Similarly,the salts of the acidic compounds are formed by reactions with theappropriate inorganic or organic base.

For purposes of this specification, the following abbreviations have theindicated meanings:

-   AcOH=acetic acid-   BF₃=boron trifluoride-   Boc=t-butyloxycarbonyl-   Boc₂O=di-tert-butyl dicarbonate-   BuLi=butyl lithium-   CCl₄=carbon tetrachloride-   CH₂Cl₂=methylene chloride-   CH₃CN=acetonitrile-   CHCl₃=chloroform-   Cs₂CO₃=cesium carbonate-   CuI=copper iodide-   DAST=diethylaminosulfur trifluoride-   DIPEA=diisopropylethylamine-   DMA=N,N-dimethyl acetamide-   DMAP=4-(dimethylamino)pyridine-   DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide-   DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide-   DPPA=diphenylphosphoryl azide-   EDCI=1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride-   Et₂O=diethyl ether-   Et₃N=triethylamine-   EtOAc=ethyl acetate-   EtOH=ethanol-   HATU=o-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium    hexafluorophosphate-   HOAc=acetic acid-   K₂CO₃=potassium carbonate-   KHMDS=potassium hexamethyldisilazane-   KOBu^(t)=potassium tert-butoxide-   LDA=lithium diisopropylamide-   LiOH=lithium hydroxide-   mCPBA=metachloroperbenzoic acid-   MeOH=methanol-   MeSO₃H=methane sulfonic acid-   MgSO₄=magnesium sulfate-   Ms=methanesulfonyl=mesyl-   MsCl=methanesulfonyl chloride-   NaBH₄=sodium borohydride-   NaH=sodium hydride-   NaI=sodium iodide-   NaCNBH₃=sodium cyanoborohydride-   Na₂CO₃=sodium carbonate-   NaHCO₃=sodium hydrogencarbonate-   NaOH=sodium hydroxide-   Na₂SO₄=sodium sulfate-   NBS=N-bromosuccinimide-   NH₃=ammonia-   NH₄Cl=ammonium chloride-   Pd/C=palladium on carbon-   PdCl₂=dichloropalladium(II)-   PdCl₂(dppf)=[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)-   Pd₂(dba)₃=tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)-   PG=protecting group-   PPh₃=triphenylphosphine-   (PhO)₃PMeI=methyltriphenoxyphosphonium iodide-   PPTS=pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate-   iPr₂Nli=lithium diisopropyl amide-   PyBOP=benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium-hexafluorophosphate-   rt=room temperature-   sat. aq.=saturated aqueous-   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid-   THF=tetrahydrofuran-   TiCl₄=titanium(IV) chloride-   tlc=thin layer chromatography-   TMSCl=chlorotrimethylsilane-   Me=methyl-   Et=ethyl-   n-Pr=normal propyl-   i-Pr=isopropyl-   n-Bu=normal butyl-   i-Bu=isobutyl-   s-Bu=secondary butyl-   t-Bu=tertiary butyl

The novel compounds of the present invention can be prepared accordingto the following general procedures using appropriate materials and arefurther exemplified by the following specific examples. The compoundsillustrated in the examples are not, however, to be construed as formingthe only genus that is considered as the invention. The followingexamples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compoundsof the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readilyunderstand that known variations of the conditions and processes of thefollowing preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds.All temperatures are degrees Celsius unless otherwise noted.

Schemes

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to Scheme1, as indicated below. Thus an α-amino ester may be added to a haloalkylketone to form an aminal which may be dehydrated to an imine in thepresence of a dehydrating agent such as TiCl₄, MgSO₄ or isopropyltrifluoroacetate. Reduction of the imine with a reducing agent such assodium cyanoborohydride or sodium borohydride provides the amine. Esterhydrolysis and amide formation with an appropriately substitutedaminoacetonitrile provides compounds of the current invention. If thesubstituent on D system is a halogen, a palladium-catalyzed Suzukicoupling with an appropriate boronic acid provides additional compoundsof the current invention.

Compounds of the present invention may also be prepared according toScheme 2, as indicated below. A ketone or aldehyde may be condensed withan amino alcohol to give a cyclic aminal. Treatment with 3 equivalentsof a Grignard reagent or organolithium reagent will provide theappropriate alkylated amino alcohol. Oxidation of the alcohol with achromium system such as a Jones oxidation or H₅IO₆/CrO₃, oralternatively by a two-step oxidation (eg oxalyl chloride/DMSO/Et₃Nfollowed by NaClO) will provide the corresponding carboxylic acid.Peptide coupling and Suzuki reaction as described in Scheme 1 willprovide compounds of the current invention.

Compounds of the present invention may also be prepared according toScheme 3, as indicated below. A ketone or aldehyde may be condensed withan amino alcohol to give an acyclic aminal. Treatment with multipleequivalents of a Grignard reagent or organolithium reagent will providethe appropriate alkylated amino alcohol. This alcohol can be convertedinto compounds of the current invention by the method described inScheme 2.

Compounds of the current invention may also be prepared according toScheme 4. An appropriately substituted acetate may be enolized with asuitable base (including, but not limited to LDA, KHMDS, NaH or nBuLi)and treated with paraformaldehyde to generate the diol. This diol may beconverted to the difluoride using a fluorinating reagent such as DAST.Hydrolysis of the ester followed by Curtius rearrangement will thenprovide the amine. This amine can displace an appropriately substitutedalpha-bromo ester to provide the alpha-amino ester. This may beconverted into compounds of the current invention by the methoddescribed in Scheme 1.

Compounds of the current invention may also be prepared according toScheme 5, as indicated below. A hemiacetal may be condensed with anamino alcohol in which the alcohol moiety is protected with a suitableprotecting group. Treatment of the resulting imine with a Grignardreagent or organolithium reagent will provide the appropriate alkylatedamino alcohol. The alcohol protecting group can then be removed and thealcohol can be converted into compounds of the current invention eitherby the method described in Scheme 2 or by first conducting the Suzukireaction, followed by oxidizing the alcohol with H₅IO₆/CrO₃ and thenpeptide coupling.

Compounds of the current invention may also be prepared according toScheme 6, as indicated below. The peptide coupling of an alpha-aminoacid described in Schemes 1, 2, or 5, with an alpha-amino amide followedby dehydration of the resulting primary amide (Voegel, J. J.; Benner, S.A. Helv. Chem. Acta 1996, 79, 1863) will provide compounds of thecurrent invention.

The synthesis of some of the amino alcohols used at the beginning ofSchemes 2, 3 and 5 are described in Schemes 7-11. For example, thesynthesis of (2S)-2-amino-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol where R=Me isdescribed in Scheme 7 below. Starting with a suitable diprotectedaspartic acid, the carboxy group can be reduced to an alcohol usingstandard literature procedures (i.e. mixed anyhdride formation followedby NaBH₄ reduction). A protected version of2-amino-4-methylpentane-1,4-diol (R=Me) can then be generated by anappropriate Grignard or organolithiation reaction. Finally, the hydroxymoiety can be converted to the desired fluoro using a fluorinating agentsuch as DAST. The protected or unprotected version of this amino alcoholcan then be converted to compounds of the current invention according toSchemes 1, 2, 3 and 5.

The 4-fluoroleucinol can also be synthesized according to Scheme 8.4,5-Dehydroleucine is converted to(4S)-4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one as described in thescheme below. This intermediate is then treated with a hydrofluorinationreagent such as HF-pyridine to give(4S)-4-(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one. Basic hydrolysis(i.e. Ba(OH)₂ or NaOH) then affords(2S)-2-amino-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol.

The synthesis of 4,4-difluoro-L-norvaline where R=Me is described inScheme 9 below. Starting with a suitable diprotected serine, iodinationcan be carried out using a reagent such as (PhO)₃P⁺MeI⁻. Zincation ofthe resultant iodide may proceed using Zn.Cu couple and TMSCl. Theresultant zincate can then undergo a palladium catalyzed couplingreaction with alkanoyl chloride to generate the ketone. Finally, theketone moiety can be converted to the desired difluoro derivative usinga fluorinating agent such as DAST. The protected or unprotected versionof this amino acid or amino alcohol can then be converted to compoundsof the current invention according to Schemes 1, 2, 3 and 5.

The amino alcohols used for the present invention can also besynthesized according to Scheme 10. A protected amino acid is reducedwith a reducing agent such as NaBH₄ with or without an additive such asLiCl, in a solvent such as EtOH or a mixed solvent system such as EtOHand THF. The amino protecting group is then removed with the appropriatemethod according to the nature of the protecting group.

Synthesis of (2S,4S)-2-amino-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol used inthe present invention is described in Scheme 11. TheN-benzoyl-5,5,5-trifluoroleucine (Ojiima, et. al. J. Org. Chem., 1989,54, 4511-4522) can be hydrolysed with an aqueous acid such as 6M HClunder refluxing conditions. The amino acid HCl salt intermediate is thenconverted to the N-acetyl-5,5,5-trifluoroleucine and the amino groupchiral centre is resolved by an enzymatic method (SyntheticCommunications, 1996, 26, 1109-1115). The isolated5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucine is then protected with a protecting group suchas benzyl carbamate and the carboxylic acid group is esterified. The twodiastereomers at the 4-position are then separated by flash columnchromatography. One of the enantiomers, the (2S,4S) protected amino acidis then converted to the amino alcohol as described in scheme 10.

Compounds of the current invention where R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is arylor heteroaryl may also be prepared according to Scheme 12 as shownbelow. Condensation of an aryl or heteroaryl aldehyde with an aminoalcohol in which the alcohol moiety is protected with a suitableprotecting group, followed by treatment of the resulting imine with aGrignard or organolithium reagent of formula halo-(D)_(n)-Li orhalo-(D)_(n)-MgX (where D is as defined in the Summary of theInvention), followed by removal of the oxygen protecting group providesthe alkylated aminoalcohol. The alkylated aminoalcohol is then convertedinto compounds of the current invention either by the method describedin Scheme 2 or by first conducting the Suzuki reaction with the boronicester of the formula R⁷—B(OH)₂, then oxidizing the alcohol with asuitable oxidizing agent such as H₅IO₆/CrO₃ to give the acid and finallytreating the acid with an aminoacetonitrile under peptide couplingconditions as described previously.

Compounds of the current invention may also be prepared according toScheme 13, as shown below. Reaction of a suitably N-protected amino acidderivative with oxetane tosylate in the presence of sodium iodide in asuitable organic solvent such as dimethylformamide provides thecorresponding oxetane ester which upon treatment with diborane providesthe ortho ester. Removal of the amino protecting group affords an aminewhich upon condensation with an aldehyde of formula R⁶CHO (where R⁶ isaryl or heteroaryl) or a hemiacetal of formula R⁶C(OH)(OR) (where R isan alkyl group) under the reaction conditions described above providesan imine. Treatment of the imine with a Grignard or organolithiumreagent under the reaction conditions described above provides anN-alkylated derivative. Removal of the ortho ester provides thecorresponding carboxylic acid which is then converted into compounds ofthe current invention by condensation with an aminoacetonitrile underpeptide coupling conditions, followed by Suzuki reaction as describedabove.

The following examples describe the synthesis of selected compounds ofthe present invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis ofN-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucinamide

To a solution of L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride (975 mg, 5.37mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone(0.75 mL, 5.34 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (3.5 mL, 20 mmol). TiCl₄(0.55 mL, 5.0 mmol) in 0.45 mL dichloromethane was added dropwise, andthe mixture was stirred overnight. Additional TiCl₄ (0.4 mL, 3.6 mmol)was then added and the mixture was stirred 3 h. A solution of NaCNBH₃(1050 mg, 16.7 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added and the mixture wasstirred 2 h. Poured into 1N NaOH and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×).The organic phase was washed with 1N NaOH and brine, then dried overMgSO₄ and evaporated. Purification by ISCO column chromatography(gradient 30% to 90% ethyl acetate/hexanes) provided methylN-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucinate.

To a room temperature solution of methylN-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucinate (150 mg, 0.50 mmol) in 2:1THF/MeOH was added 1M LiOH. The mixture was stirred overnight andconcentrated. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and pH3.5 phosphate buffer. The organic phase was washed with brine, driedover MgSO₄ and concentrated to giveN-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucine.

A mixture of N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucine (149 mg, 0.50mmol), aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride (102 mg, 1.1 mmol) and PyBOP (260mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL). Triethylamine (0.3 mL, 2.1mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight, then poured intopH 3 phosphate buffer and extracted with 3:1 ether/ethyl acetate. Theorganic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, driedover MgSO₄ and evaporated. Purification by ISCO column chromatography(gradient 20% to 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes) providedN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucinamide as a1:1 mixture of diastereomers. MS (+APCI): 313.9 [M+1].

EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis ofN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide

Using the method of Example 1,N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamidewas prepared. MS (-ESI): 403.9, 405.9 [M−1]⁻

EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide

ToN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide(242 mg, 0.60 mmol), and4-[4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-piperazinyl]phenylboronic acid (220 mg,0.72 mmol) in DME (3 mL) under dry nitrogen was added 2M aqueous sodiumcarbonate (0.9 mL, 1.8 mmol) followed by the catalyst PdCl₂(dppf) (63mg, 0.077 mmol). The reaction was heated to 85° C. for 18 hours. Waterwas added and the product was extracted with EtOAc, the organic layerwas dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product waspurified by chromatography using EtOAc in hexane to afford tert-butyl(4′-{1-[((1S)-1-{[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}-3-methylbutyl)amino]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-1-piperazinecarboxylate.

To tert-butyl(4′-{1-[((1S)-1-{[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}-3-methylbutyl)amino]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-1-piperazinecarboxylate(275 mg, 0.47 mmol) in dry THF (1 mL) under dry nitrogen was addeddropwise MeSO₃H (125 μL, 1.9 mmol) over 15 min. and the reaction wasallowed to proceed for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was partitionedbetween EtOAc and water+saturated NaHCO₃ to adjust the pH at 7.5. Theorganic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crudeproduct was purified by chromatography using silica gel eluted withNH₄OH conc./MeOH/CH₂Cl₂, (Jan. 10, 1989) to affordN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideas a light yellow foam. MS (+ESI): 488.3 [M+1]⁺.

EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis ofN¹-(Cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-Leucinamide

Step 1: MethylN-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methylene}-L-leucinate

A solution of (4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methanone (202mg, 0.59 mmol), L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride (328 mg, 2.0 mmol)and camphor sulfonic acid (52 mg, 0.22 mmol) in toluene was refluxed for18 hours using a Dean-Stark trap. The solvent was removed in vacuo andthe resulting residue was purified by chromatography using EtOAc andhexane as eluant to give a 1:1 mixture of the title compound and thestarting (4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methanone.

Step 2: Methyl N-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinate

To a solution of a 1:1 mixture of methylN-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methylene}leucinate and(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methanone from step 1 (185 mg,−0.2 mmol) in acetic acid/methanol (1:3, 4 mL) was added sodiumborohydride (˜400 mg) by portions every 30 min over 2 days (addition wasstopped during the night) using a solid addition funnel. The reactionmixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water, the organic layer wasdried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The resulting mixture was purifiedby chromatography using EtOAc and hexane as eluant. MethylN-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinate wasobtained as a colorless gum and (4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methanol was obtained as a white solid.

Step 3: N-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucine

To a solution of methylN-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinate fromstep 2 (81 mg, 0.17 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and MeOH (0.5 mL) was added 1NLiOH (0.3 mL, 0.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 hours and then partitioned between EtOAc and water+1NHCl (0.5 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo to give the title compound as a colorless gum.

Step 4: N²-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide

To a solution ofN-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucine from step3 (76 mg, 0.17 mmol), HATU (146 mg, 0.38 mmol), aminoacetonitrilehydrochloride (52 mg, 0.56 mmol) in DMF (1.1 mL) cooled to −10° C., wasadded N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.75 mmol). The reaction wasallowed to proceed at room temperature for 18 h and it was partitionedbetween EtOAc and water. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified bychromatography using EtOAc and hexane as eluant to give the titlecompound as a colorless gum.

Step 5:N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl][4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide

A heterogeneous mixture ofN²-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamidefrom step 4 (72 mg, 0.15 mmol), 4-(methylthio)phenylboronic acid (37 mg,0.22 mmol) in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (1 mL) and 2M aqueoussodium carbonate was degassed under vacuum and purged with nitrogen. Tothis mixture was added[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex (19 mg, 0.023 mmol), followed by degassing andpurging with nitrogen. The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 16hours with efficient stirring. The reaction mixture was partitionedbetween EtOAc and aqueous NH₄OAc 25% w/v. The organic layer was driedover Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product waspurified by chromatography using EtOAc and hexane as eluant to give thetitle compound as a colorless gum.

Step 6:N¹-(Cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-Leucinamide

To a solution ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl][4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide(63 mg, 0.12 mmol), sodium tungstate dihydrate (2 mg, 0.006 mmol),tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (4 mg, 0.01 mmol) was added asolution of 30% w/v aqueous hydrogen peroxide (100 μL, 0.9 mmol) and theresulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Thereaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water+1M NaHSO₃(˜3:1). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatographyusing EtOAc and hexane as eluant to give the title compound as acolorless gum.

MS (+ESI): 568.2 [M+1]⁺.

EXAMPLE 5 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

Using the procedure described for example 8, whereN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamidewas substituted forN²-[1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide,the title compound was obtained as a colorless gum.

MS (+ESI): 482.2 [M+1]⁺.

EXAMPLE 6 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide

Using the procedure described for example 8, whereN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamidewas substituted forN²-[1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide,the title compound was obtained as a colorless gum.

MS (+ESI): 405.1 [M+1]⁺.

EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide

Using the procedure described for example 3, whereN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamidewas substituted forN²-[1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide,the title compound was obtained as a colorless gum.

MS (+ESI): 488.3 [M+1]⁺.

EXAMPLE 8 Synthesis ofN¹(cyanomethyl)-N²{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methylpentan-2-amine

To a room temperature dichloromethane (100 mL) solution of L-leucinol(6.0 g) was added triethylamine (11 mL), DMAP (0.1 g) andt-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (8.5 g). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 hours and then water was added. The organic layer wasseparated and the aqueous further extracted with dichloromethane. Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with magnesiumsulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield the titlecompound, a residue which was used as such in the next reaction. ¹H NMR(CD₃COCD₃) δ 3.48 (m, 2H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H),1.22-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.88 (m, 15H), 0.06 (s, 6H).

Step 2: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methyl-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine

A toluene (300 mL) solution of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methylpentan-2-amine from Step1 (50 g) and trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (35 mL) was heatedto reflux for 16 hours during which time water was collected in aDean-Stark trap. The solvent was evaporated in vacuum and the residuewas purified on SiO₂ using hexanes and ethyl acetate (9:1) as eluant toyield the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.88 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.45 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.25 (m, 3H),0.88 (m, 15H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

Step 3: Preparation of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol

n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 42 mL) was added to a −70° C. THF (400 mL)solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (25.8 g) and the mixture was stirred for25 minutes. A THF (30 mL) solution of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methyl-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine(31 g) was then added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 hour.It was then poured slowly into a mixture of ethyl acetate (500 mL),water (2 L), ice (300 g) and ammonium chloride (100 g) under vigorousstirring. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous furtherextracted with ethyl acetate (2×500 mL). The combined organic layerswere washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo to yield a residue, which was used as such. The residuefrom above was dissolved in THF (250 mL) and the solution was cooled to0° C. A 1 M THF solution of t-butylammonium fluoride (110 mL) was addeddropwise and the mixture was reacted for 4 hours. It was poured intoethyl acetate (300 mL), water (2 L) and ammonium chloride (100 g) undervigorous stirring. The organic layer was separated and the aqueousfurther extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and thesolvent was removed in vacuo to yield a residue which was purified onSiO₂ using a gradient of ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:5 to 1:4) aseluant to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.6 (2H, d), 7.45 (2H, d), 4.55 (1H, m), 3.65-3.7(1H, m), 3.5-3.55 (1H, m), 3.25-3.35 (1H, m), 2.6-2.7 (1H, m), 2.25-2.35(1H, m), 1.65-1.75 (1H, m), 1.3-1.4 (1H, m), 1.2-1.3 (1H, m), 0.75-0.9(6H, dd).

Step 4: Preparation of(2S)-4-methyl-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentan-1-ol

A stream of nitrogen was passed through a suspension made of the bromidefrom Step 3 (27.7 g), 4-(methylthio)phenylboronic acid (15.7 g), 2 MNa₂CO₃ (100 mL) and n-propanol (500 mL) for 15 minutes. A 1:3 mixture(3.5 g) of Pd(OAc)₂ and PPh₃ was then added and the reaction was warmedto 70° C. and stirred under nitrogen for 8 hours. The mixture was cooledto room temperature, diluted with ethylacetate (500 mL) and poured overwater (2 L) and ice (500 g). The ethyl acetate layer was separated andthe aqueous further extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The combinedethyl acetate extracts were washed with 0.5 N NaOH (2×200 mL), withaqueous NH₄Cl, brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. Removal of thesolvent left a residue that was purified by chromatography on SiO₂ usinga gradient of ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:4 to 1:3) and again withacetone and toluene (1:10). The residue was dissolve in hot hexanes (200mL) and the solution was allowed to cool to 0° C. under stirring. Theobtained solid was filtered and dried to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.7 (2H, d), 7.65 (2H, d), 7.6 (2H, d), 7.35 (2H,d), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 3.7 (1H(OH), m), 3.5-3.6 (1H, m), 3.3-3.4 (1H, m),2.7 (1H, m), 2.5 (3H, s), 2.3-2.4 (1H(NH), m), 1.65-1.75 (1H, m),1.2-1.4 (3H, m), 0.8-0.9 (6H, dd).

Step 5: Preparation of(2S)-4-methyl-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentan-1-ol

To a 0° C. solution of the sulfide (19 g) from Step 4 in toluene (400mL) was added Na₂WO₄.2H₂O (0.16 g) and Bu₄NHSO₄ (0.81 g). Then 30%hydrogen peroxide (12.2 mL) was slowly added and the mixture was stirredat room temperature for 4.5 hours. The mixture was poured slowly on amixture of ice, dilute aqueous sodium thiosulfate and ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was separated and the aqueous further extracted with ethylacetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine,dried with magnesium sulfate and the solvent were removed in vacuo toyield a residue which was purified on SiO₂ using ethyl acetate andhexanes (1:1) as eluant to yield the product.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.05 (2H, d), 8.0 (2H, d), 7.85 (2H, d), 7.7 (2H,d), 4.6-4.7 (1H, m), 3.75 (1H, m), 3.6 (1H, m), 3.35-3.45 (1H, m), 3.2(3H, s), 2.7-2.8 (1H, m), 2.35-2.45 (1H, m), 1.7-1.8 (1H, m), 1.2-1.5(2H, m), 0.8-0.95 (6H, dd).

Step 6: Preparation ofN-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucine

A suspension of H₅IO₆/CrO₃ (529 mL of 0.44 M in CH₃CN; see Note below)was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of the alcohol from Step 5 (20 g) inCH₃CN (230 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C.for 3.5 hours. It was poured into pH 4 Na₂HPO₄ (1.5 L) under vigorousstirring and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3×250 mL).The combined ether extracts were washed with water and brine (1:1), withdilute aqueous NaHSO₃ and brine. The organic extract was dried withsodium sulfate, filtered and the solvents were evaporated to dryness toyield a residue that was split into two batches for the followingpurification.

The crude acid from above (10 g) was dissolved in isopropyl acetate (250mL) and extracted into cold 0.1 N NaOH (3×250 mL). The combined extractswere washed with diethyl ether (250 mL) and then slowly acidified with 6N HCl to pH 4. The carboxylic acid was extracted with isopropyl acetate(2×250 mL) and the isopropyl acetate layer dried and concentrated toyield the product essentially pure and used as such in the next step.

Note: The oxidizing reagent (H₅IO₆/CrO₃) was prepared as described inTetrahedron Letters 39 (1998) 5323-5326 but using HPLC grade CH₃CN(contains 0.5% water); no water was added.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.05 (2H, d), 7.95 (2H, d), 7.8 (2H, d), 7.65 (2H,d), 4.45-4.55 (1H, m), 3.55-3.6 (1H, m), 3.2 (3H, s), 2.8-3.0 (broad m,NH/OH) 1.95-2.05 (1H, m), 1.55-1.6 (2H, m), 0.9-1.0 (6H, m).

Step 7: Preparation ofN¹(cyanomethyl)-N²{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

To a DMF (200 mL) solution of the acid from Step 7 (9 g) was addedbenzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate(11.6 g), aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride (3.94 g) and the mixture wascooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (9.9 mL) was added dropwise and themixture warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. It waspoured into ice and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and extractedwith diethyl ether (3×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed withbrine, dried with magnesium sulfate and the solvent removed in vacuo.The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO₂ using ethyl acetateand hexanes (1:1). The title compound was then stirred in diethyl etherfor 16 hours, filtered and dried (mp 140.5° C.).

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.0 (2H, d), 7.95 (2H, d), 7.8 (2H, d), 7.65 (2H,d), 4.35-4.45 (1H, m), 4.1-4.2 (2H, m), 3.45-3.55 (1H, m), 3.15 (3H, s),2.65-2.7 (1H, m), 1.85-1.95 (1H, m), 1.4-1.6 (2H, m), 0.85-0.95 (6H, m).

EXAMPLE 9

Synthesis ofN²{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation ofN²[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide

A suspension of H₅IO₆/CrO₃ (1925 mL of 0.44 M in CH₃CN; see Note in step6, example 8) was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-4-methylpentan-1-olfrom Step 4, Example 8 (60 g) in CH₃CN (1500 mL) was added dropwise. Themixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 3.5 hours. It was poured into pH 4Na₂HPO₄ (2.5 L) under vigorous stirring and the mixture was extractedwith diethyl ether (3×500 mL). The combined ether extracts were washedwith water and brine (1:1), with dilute aqueous NaHSO₃ and brine. Theorganic extract was dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentratedin vacuo to yieldN-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucine used as suchin the following coupling with aminoacetonitrile.

To a DMF (1500 mL) solution of the crude acid (46 g) was addedbenzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate(71.5 g), aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride (25.4 g) and the mixture wascooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (60.8 mL) was added dropwise and themixture warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. It waspoured into ice and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and extractedwith diethyl ether (3×300 mL). The combined extracts were washed withbrine, dried with magnesium sulfate and the solvent removed in vacuo.The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO₂ using a gradient ofethyl acetate and hexanes (1:3 to 1:2) to yield the title compound pureenough for use in the next step.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.95-8.05 (bs, NH), 7.6 (2H, d), 7.45 (2H, d), 4.4(1H, m), 4.1-4.2 (2H, m), 3.4-3.5 (1H, m), 2.6-2.7 (1H, m), 1.8-1.95(1H, m), 1.4-1.6 (2H, m), 0.85-0.95 (6H, m).

Step 2: Preparation ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

A stream of nitrogen was passed through a DMF (700 mL) suspension ofN²[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamidefrom Step 1 (28.5 g), bis(pinacolato)diboron (23 g) and potassiumacetate (24 g) for minutes followed by the addition of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), complex(1:1) with dichloromethane (2.9 g). The mixture was warmed to 65° C. andstirred under nitrogen for 2.5 hours. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature, diluted with ethylacetate and hexanes (1:1, 300 mL) andpoured over water (2 L) and ice (500 g). The organic layer was separatedand the aqueous layer further extracted with ethyl acetate and hexanes(1:1, 3×200 mL). The combined extracts were washed with brine and driedwith magnesium sulfate. Removal of the solvent left a residue that waspurified by chromatography on SiO₂ using ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:2)to yield the boronate.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.95-8.05 (bs, NH), 7.7-7.8 (2H, d), 7.45-7.55 (2H,d), 4.3-4.4 (1H, m), 4.05-4.15 (2H, m), 3.4-3.5 (1H, m), 2.55-2.65 (1H,m), 1.85-1.95 (1H, m), 1.45-1.55 (2H, m), 1.15-1.4 (12H, m; some pinacolalso present as a contaminant), 0.85-0.95 (6H, m).

Step 3: Preparation ofN²{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide

A stream of nitrogen was passed through a suspension made of theboronate from Step 2 (4 g), 4-bromobenzenesulfonamide (3.3 g), 2 MNa₂CO₃ (20 mL) and n-propanol (100 mL) for 15 minutes. A 1:3 mixture(0.25 g) of Pd(OAc)₂ and PPh₃ was then added and the reaction was warmedto 85° C. and stirred under nitrogen for 3 hours. The mixture was cooledto room temperature, diluted with ethylacetate (100 mL) and poured overwater (500 mL) and ice (100 g). The ethyl acetate layer was separatedand the aqueous further extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). Thecombined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with dilute aqueous NaHCO₃,brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. Removal of the solvent left aresidue that was purified by chromatography on SiO₂ using a gradient ofethyl acetate, hexanes and dichloromethane (2:3:0.1 to 1:1:0.1). Theproduct was then stirred in diethyl ether for 16 hours, filtered anddried to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8-8.1 (3H, m), 7.9 (2H, d), 7.8 (2H, d), 7.65 (2H,d), 6.6-6.7 (2H, m), 4.4 (1H, m), 4.1-4.2 (2H, m), 3.5 (1H, m), 2.6-2.7(1H, m), 1.9 (1H, m), 1.45-1.6 (2H, m), 1.4-1.6 (4H, m), 0.9-1.0 (6H,m).

EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis ofN¹(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

To a mixture ofN-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinefrom Example 8 (0.83 g),O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (0.78 g), cyclopropylamine hydrochloride (0.466 g)in DMF (18 mL) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (0.9 mL). The mixturewas kept at room temperature for 48 hours and then poured into diluteaqueous ammonium chloride and diethyl ether. The ether layer wasseparated and the aqueous further extracted with diethylether. Thecombined ether extracts were washed with brine, dried with magnesiumsulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purifiedin SiO₂ using ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:1) as eluant, followed by aswish in diethyl ether to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.15 (1H, bs), 8.05 (2H, d), 8.0 (2H, d), 7.8 (2H,d), 7.65 (2H, d), 4.35-4.45 (1H, m), 3.35-3.45 (1H, m), 3.2 (3H, s),2.65-2.7 (1H, m), 1.85-1.95 (1H, m), 1.3-1.6 (5H, m), 1.05-1.15 (1H, m),0.85-0.95 (6H, m).

EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)propyl]-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation of(4S)-4-isobutyl-2-(pentafluoroethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine

Pentafluoropropanal methyl hemiacetal (14.9 g, 82.8 mmol) and L-leucinol(9.7 g, 82.8 mmol) were dissolved in 100 mL of benzene and heated toreflux overnight in a flask equipped with a Dean-Stark tube. Theresulting solution was cooled and concentrated to provide the titlecompound as an oil which was used directly in the following step.

Step 2: Preparation of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a −78° C. solution of dibromobenzene (9.85 g, 41.8 mmol) in 100 mL ofTHF was added nBuLi (16.5 mL of 2.5M hexanes solution, 41.2 mmol) givinga thick suspension. After stirring 10 min, a solution of(4S)-4-isobutyl-2-(pentafluoroethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine (3.3 g, 13 mmol) in3 mL THF was added giving a dark brown solution. The solution wasallowed to warm to room temperature, then was poured into saturatedaqueous ammonium chloride and extracted with ether. Purification bysilica gel chromatography (10% to 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient)gave the title compound as a single diastereomer.

Step 3: Preparation ofN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide

The total sample of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol(1.6 g, 4.0 mmol) was converted to the title compound using the methodof Example 8, Steps 6 and 7. Purification by silica gel chromatography(15% to 80% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) provided the title compoundas a solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃, 500 MHz) δ 7.8 (1H, br), 7.55 (2H, m), 7.40 (2H, m),4.4-4.5 (1H, m), 3.95 (2H, m), 3.33 (1H, m), 2.75 (1H, m), 1.82 (1H, m),1.5 (1H, m), 1.38 (1H, m), 0.88 (6H, dd).

Step 4: Preparation ofN-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)propyl]-L-leucinamide

To a solution ofN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide(82 mg, 0.18 mmol), 4-pyridylboronic acid (30 mg, 0.24 mmol) andPdCl₂(dppf) (14 mg, 0.02 mmol) in 2.5 mL DMF was added 2M Na₂CO₃ (0.25mL). The mixture was heated to 95° C. for 2.5 h, then cooled andpartitioned between aq. Na₂CO₃ and ether. The aqueous phase was washedwith brine and dried over MgSO₄. Purification by silica gelchromatography (65% to 95% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient) provided thetitle compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃, 500 MHz) δ 8.66 (2H, m), 7.85 (1H, br), 7.81 (2H, m),7.70 (2H, m), 7.62 (2H, m), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 3.95 (2H, m), 3.4 (1H, m),2.81 (1H, m), 1.88 (1H, m), 1.55 (1H, m), 1.42 (1H, m), 0.92 (6H, dd).

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis ofN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methylpentan-2-amine

Prepared as in Step 1 of Example 8.

Step 2: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-N¹-[(1E)-2,2-difluoroethylidene]-4-methylpentan-2-amine

A mixture of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methylpentan-2-amine (8.5 g,36.8 mmol) and difluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal (5.0 g, 39.7 mmol)in benzene was refluxed with a Dean-stark trap overnight. Solvent wasremoved in vacuo. The residue was passed through a short silica columnand eluted with hexanes:EtOAc (10:1) to give the title compound as apale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.72 (m, 1H), 6.12 (dt, 1H), 3.70 (dd, 1H), 3.54(dd, 1H), 3.36 (m, 1H), 1.48 (m, 2H), 1.32 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.78 (m, 15H),0.06 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

Step 3: Preparation of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol

n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 1.43 mL) was added to a −70° C. THF (8.5 mL)solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (884 mg) and the mixture was stirred for15 minutes. A THF (8.5 mL) solution of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methyl-N-[(1E)-2,2-difluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine(1.0 g) was then added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 1.5hours. The mixture was then poured slowly into an icy saturated aqueoussolution of ammonium chloride under vigorous stirring and was extractedwith 3 portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers werewashed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo to yield a residue, which was purified on SiO₂ using agradient of hexanes and ethyl acetate (90:10 to 75:25) as eluent toyield(2S)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methylpentan-2-amine.(2S)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methylpentan-2-amine(200 mg) was dissolved in CH₃CN (4 mL) and the solution was cooled to 0°C. HF-pyridine (40 μL) was added dropwise and the mixture was reactedfor 16 hours. The mixture was poured into a saturated solution of sodiumbicarbonate, ethyl acetate was added and the resultant mixture wasvigorously shaken. The organic layer was separated and the aqueousfurther extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and thesolvent was removed in vacuo to yield a residue which was purified onSiO₂ using a gradient of hexanes and ethyl acetate (80:20 to 60:40) aseluent to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.6 (2H, d), 7.45 (2H, d), 6.0 (1H, dt), 4.25 (1H,m), 3.65 (1H, t), 3.5-3.55 (1H, m), 3.3-3.35 (1H, m), 2.55-2.65 (1H, m),2.15-2.25 (1H, m), 1.6-1.7 (1H, m), 1.3-1.4 (1H, m), 1.2-1.3 (1H, m),0.9 (3H, d), 0.8 (3H, d).

Step 4: Preparation ofN-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-L-leucine

A suspension of H₅IO₆/CrO₃ (5.5 mL of 0.40 M in CH₃CN; see Note below)was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of the alcohol from Step 3 (250 mg)in CH₃CN (3.7 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C.for 3.5 hours. After this period, 2.0 mL of the oxidant was added. After1.5 hours the mixture was poured into Na₂HPO₄ buffer (0.4 g in 10 mL)under vigorous stirring and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether(3×20 mL). The combined ether extracts were washed with water and brine(1:1), dilute aqueous NaHSO₃ and brine. The organic extract was driedwith magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was evaporated todryness to yield the title compound which was used without furtherpurification.

Note: The oxidizing reagent (H₅IO₆/CrO₃) was prepared as described inTetrahedron Letters 39 (1998) 5323-5326 but using HPLC grade CH₃CN(contains 0.5% water); no water was added.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.55 (2H, d), 7.4 (2H, d), 6.05 (1H, dt), 3.95-4.05(1H, m), 3.45 (1H, t), 2.7-3.0 (bm, NH/OH), 1.85-1.95 (1H, m), 1.5 (2H,t), 0.95 (3H, d), 0.9 (3H, d).

Step 5: Preparation ofN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide

To a DMF (2 mL) solution of the acid from Step 4 (258 mg) was addedO-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (337 mg) and 1-aminocyclopropanecarbonitrilehydrochloride (175 mg). After stirring for 1 min, diisopropylethylamine(0.45 mL) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 16 hours.The resultant mixture was poured into saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combinedextracts were washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and thesolvent removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography onSiO₂ using hexanes and ethyl acetate (80:20 to 50:50) to afford thetitle compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.05 (1H, m), 7.55 (2H, d), 7.4 (2H, d), 6.05 (1H,dt), 3.95-4.05 (1H, m), 3.25-3.3 (1H, m), 2.4-2.45 (1H, m), 1.8-1.9 (1H,m), 1.4-1.55 (2H, m), 0.95-1.1 (2H, m), 0.95 (6H, t).

Step 6: Preparation ofN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

A stream of nitrogen was passed through a suspension of the aryl bromidefrom Step 5 (65 mg), 4-(methylthio)phenylboronic acid (40 mg), 2 MNa₂CO₃ (0.22 mL) and DMF (1.0 mL) for 5 minutes. PdCl₂ dppf was thenadded and the reaction was warmed to 80° C. and stirred under nitrogenfor 4 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted withethyl acetate (20 mL) and poured into a saturated solution of sodiumbicarbonate. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and the aqueousfurther extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). The combined ethylacetate extracts were washed with brine and dried with magnesiumsulfate. Removal of the solvent left a residue that was purified bychromatography on SiO₂ using a gradient of hexanes and ethyl acetate(90:10 to 50:50) to afford the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.1 (1H, m), 7.6-7.65 (4H, m), 7.45 (2H, d), 7.35(2H, d), 6.05 (1H, dt), 3.9-4.0 (1H, m), 3.2-3.3 (1H, m), 2.5 (3H, s),2.35-2.4 (1H, m), 1.8-1.9 (1H, m), 1.3-1.5 (4H, m), 0.85-1.0 (8H, m).

Step 7: Preparation ofN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

To a solution of the sulfide (50 mg) from Step 6 in toluene (1.0 mL) andethyl acetate (0.1 mL) was added Na₂WO₄.2H₂O (1 mg) and Bu₄NHSO₄ (2 mg).30% Hydrogen peroxide (30 μL) was then slowly added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The mixture was poured intodilute aqueous sodium thiosulfate and ethyl acetate. The organic layerwas separated and the aqueous further extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried withmagnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield aresidue which was purified on SiO₂ using hexanes and ethyl acetate(50:50 to 0:100) followed by dichloromethane and diethyl ether (90:10)as eluent to yield the title compound.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.15 (1H, m), 8.0 (2H, d), 7.95 (2H, d), 7.75 (2H,d), 7.55 (2H, d), 6.1 (1H, dt), 4.0-4.1 (1H, m), 3.25-3.35 (1H, m), 3.15(3H, s), 2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 1.8-1.9 (1H, m), 1.4-1.55 (4H, m), 0.85-1.05(8H, m).

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis ofN²-[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a solution of 5-bromo-2-chloropyridine (2.5 g, 13 mmol) in ether (30mL) at −78° C. was added n-butyllithium (13 mmol, 2.5 M in hexane). Themixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h.(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-methyl-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine(3.64 g, 11.7 mmol, see Step 2, Example 8) was added. The mixture wasstirred at −78° C. for 2 h. Saturated aqueous NH₄C1 was added to thereaction mixture and the mixture was extracted twice with EtOAc. Thecombined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhyd.MgSO₄ and concentrated to an oil (5.3 g). The crude oil (2.0 g) was thentreated with (Bu)₄NF (6 mL, 1M in THF). The mixture was stirred at rtfor 1 h, saturated aqueous NH₄C1 was added and the mixture was extractedtwice with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine,dried over anhyd. MgSO₄ and concentrated to an oil. Chromatography (20%EtOAc/hexane) afforded the title compound.

Step 2: Preparation ofN-[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucine

A stock solution of H₅IO₆/CrO₃ was prepared by dissolving H₅IO₆ (68.4 g,0.3 mol) and CrO₃ (138 mg, 1.2 mol %) in CH₃CN (684 mL) to give a 0.44 Msolution. To a solution of H₅IO₆/CrO₃ (16 mmol, 36 mL, 0.44 M in THF) at−5° C. (ice and salt bath) was added a solution of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol(1 g) in 3 mL THF dropwise. The internal temperature was monitored andreaction temperature was not allowed to rise above 0° C. The reactionwas monitored by TLC until the reaction was complete (3-4 h). Na₂HPO4(80 mL) was added to the reaction mixture which was then extracted withEtOAc. The organic extract was washed with brine, NaHSO₃ (120 mL) andbrine again, dried over anhyd. MgSO₄ and concentrated to an oil. The oilwas redissolved in EtOAc and filtered through a short pad of silica gel,eluted with EtOAc and the filtrated was concentrated to give the titlecompound.

Step 3: Preparation ofN²-[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide

To a solution of the crude acid (0.73 g, 2.25 mmol) from Step 2 in DMF(12 mL) was added 1-aminocyclopropanecarbonitrile hydrochloride (0.4 g,3.37 mmol.) and HATU (0.86 g, 2.25 mmol). Diisopropylethylamine (1.96mL, 11.24 mmol) was added, the mixture was stirred at rt for 20 h. EtOAcand water were added. The mixture was separated after agitation and theorganic extract was washed with water and brine and dried over anhyd.MgSO₄. Concentration of the organic extract followed by chromatography(30-50% EtOAc/hexane) gave the title compound.

MS (+ESI): 389.3 [M+1]⁺.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃COCD₃): δ 0.92 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.93 (d, 3H, J=6.6Hz), 1.00 (m, 1H), 1.09 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 4H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 2.81 (m,1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 4.47 (m, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.98 (d, 1HJ=6.2 Hz), 8.1 (s, 1H), 8.5 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis ofN²-{(1S)-1-[6-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide

To a solution ofN²-[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide(100 mg, 0.26 mmol) in toluene (1.5 mL) and n-propanol (0.4 mL) wasadded under a stream of nitrogen, 4-(acetyl)phenylboronic acid (55 mg,0.33 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (15 mg, 0.013 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (2 M, 0.5 mL). Themixture was degassed with a rapid stream of nitrogen bubbling throughthe mixture and the mixture was heated to 150° C. in a Smith Creatormicrowave reactor (Personal Chemistry AB, Uppsala, Sweden) for 800 sec.The mixture was cooled, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water.Chromatography (50% EtOAc/Hexane) gave the title compound.

MS (+ESI): 473.2 [M+1]⁺.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃COCD₃): δ 0.93 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.94 (d, 3H, J=6.6Hz), 1.07 (m, 1H), 1.40 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 1H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m,1H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.83 (m, 2H), 3.45 (m, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 8.15 (m,5H), 8.30 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 8.79 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis ofN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation of benzyl(3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-4-hydroxybutanoate

N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-L-aspartic acid 4-benzyl ester (30 g) wasdissolved in dimethoxyethane (90 mL) and the solution was cooled to −5°C. N-Methylmorpholine (10.32 mL) was added followed by a slow additionof isobutyl chloroformate (12.66 mL) such that the reaction temperaturewas kept below −10° C. The mixture was aged for 0.5 hour. The solidswere quickly filtered and washed with dimethoxyethane (90 mL). Thefiltrate was cooled to −50° C. and a solution of sodium borohydride (4.4g) in water (45 mL) was added slowly such that the reaction temperaturewas maintained between −30° C. and −15° C. Water (500 mL) was then addedsuch that the reaction mixture temperature was maintained below −15° C.The suspension was filtered, the solid washed with water (400 mL) anddried to yield benzyl(3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-4-hydroxybutanoate.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.3-7.45 (5H, m), 5.85-5.95 (1H, NH), 5.15 (2H, s),3.95-4.1 (2H, m), 3.5-3.7 (2H, m), 2.55-2.75 (2H, m), 1.4 (9H, s).

Step 2: Preparation of benzyl [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]acetate

To a solution of the alcohol (95.7 g) from Step 1 in dichloroethane (925mL) was added pyridine (625 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0-5° C.Anhydrous p-toluenesulfonic anhydride (105.7 g) was added and themixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour and thenheated to 90° C. for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled, diluted withdichloromethane (1000 mL) and washed with 1N HCl (3×600 mL). The organiclayer was washed with brine, dried with sodium sulfate and the solventswere removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography onSiO₂ using ethyl acetate and hexanes in a 1:1 ratio followed by ethylacetate to yield benzyl [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]acetate.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 7.8 (1H, NH), 7.3-7.45 (5H, m), 5.05-5.15 (2H, m),4.4-4.5 (1H, m), 4.1-4.2 (1H, m), 4.0-4.05 (1H, m), 3.6-3.8 (2H, m).

Step 3: Preparation of(4S)-4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one

Methylmagnesium bromide (227 mL of 3M solution in diethyl ether) wasadded to a mixture of toluene (340 mL) and THF (340 mL) at −20° C. Awarm THF solution (170 mL) of the ester from Step 2 (40 g) was thenadded dropwise maintaining the temperature below −10° C. The mixture wasaged for 2 hours and was then slowly added to a mixture of water (1000mL) and acetic acid (200 mL) and the resultant mixture was stirred for 2hours at room temperature. The aqueous layer was separated and theorganic layer was extracted with water (2×200 mL). The product wasextracted from the combined aqueous layers using dichloromethane and acontinuous extractor. The dichloromethane extract was evaporated todryness using heptane as a co-solvent to azeotrope off the acetic acid.The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO₂ using ethanol anddichloromethane (1:30) to yield(4S)-4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 6.1-6.4 (1H, NH), 4.45-4.55 (1H, m), 4.1-4.2 (1H,m), 3.95-4.05 (1H, m), 3.7 (1H, s), 1.65-1.85 (2H, m), 1.25 (6H, m).

Step 4: Preparation of(4S)-4-(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one

A dichloromethane solution (100 mL) of the alcohol (47.8 g) from Step 3was added to a −70° C. solution of (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride(48.5 g) in dichloromethane (500 mL). The mixture was warmed to roomtemperature and stirred for 1 hour. The mixture was then carefully addedto a 0° C. mixture of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (800 mL). The organiclayer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. Theaqueous was further extracted with dichloromethane (100 mL) and thecombined dichloromethane layers were dried and concentrated. The residuewas purified by chromatography on SiO₂ using ethyl acetate and hexanes(1:5) followed by ethyl acetate to yield(4S)-4-(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 7.6 (1H, NH), 4.4-4.5 (1H, m), 3.95-4.05 (1H, m),3.9-3.95 (1H, m), 1.8-1.95 (2H, m), 1.25-1.4 (6H, 2 s).

Step 5: Preparation of (2S)-2-amino-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a solution of the fluoro derivative (21.0 g) from Step 4 in 90%aqueous ethyl alcohol (216 mL) was added potassium hydroxide (21.9 g).The mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hours and cooled to roomtemperature. The mixture was then concentrated and co-evaporated withtoluene (3×300 mL). The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (500mL) and stirred for 0.5 hour. The suspension was filtered through celiteand the celite was washed with dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The filtratewas concentrated to dryness to yield(2S)-2-amino-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 3.4-3.5 (1H, m), 3.2-3.3 (1H, m), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m),1.5-1.7 (2H, m), 1.35 (3H, s), 1.3 (3H, s).

Step 6: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-2-amine

The amino alcohol (21.0 g) from Step 5 was dissolved in dichloromethane(300 mL) and the solution was cooled to 0° C. 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine(0.051 g) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (21 g) were addedfollowed by triethylamine (25 mL). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was slowly poured into 0° C.saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane(3×300 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with sodiumsulfate and the solvents were removed in vacuo to yield(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-2-amine.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 3.6-3.65 (1H, m), 3.4-3.5 (1H, m), 3.1-3.2 (1H, m),1.6-1.8 (2H, m), 1.35-1.45 (6H, m), 0.93 (9H, s), 0.1 (6H, s).

Step 7: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-fluoro-4-methyl-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine

To a solution of the amine (31.5 g) from Step 6 in benzene (126 mL) wasadded trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (21.6 mL.). The solutionwas heated at reflux overnight using a Dean-Stark trap to collect water.The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated todryness. The residue was purified on SiO₂ using 4% of ethyl acetate inhexanes to yield(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-2-amine.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.9-7.95 (1H, m), 3.75-3.85 (1H, m), 3.7-3.75 (1H,m), 3.53-3.6 (1H, m), 1.9-2.0 (2H, m), 1.3-1.4 (6H, m), 0.9 (9H, s), 0.1(3H, s), 0.05 (3H, s).

Step 8: Preparation of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a −75° C. solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (0.26 g) in THF (4 mL) wasadded n-BuLi (0.42 mL of a 2.5M hexanes solution) and the mixture wasaged for 20 minutes. The imine (0.329 g) from Step 7 in THF (2 mL) wasadded and the mixture was aged 2 hours. The mixture was then added to amixture of water (50 mL), NH₄C1 (1 g) and crushed ice. It was extractedwith ethyl acetate (2×25 mL) and the combined ethyl acetate layers weredried and evaporated to dryness.

The same procedure was repeated on a larger scale using1,4-dibromobenzene (1.2 g), n-BuLi (1.84 mL) and the imine (1.38 g) andthe reaction mixture was treated as above. The combined residues fromboth preparations were dissolved in THF (10 mL) and cooled to 0° C.n-Tetrabutylammonium fluororide (6 mL from a IM THF solution) was addedand the mixture was stirred at +5° C. for 16 h. The mixture was pouredinto a mixture of water (50 mL), ammonium chloride (1 g) and crushed iceand the organic layer was separated. The aqueous was further extractedwith ethyl acetate (2×15 mL) and the combined organic layers were driedand concentrated. The residue was purified on SiO₂ using ethyl acetateand hexanes (1:5) to yield(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 7.65 (2H, m), 7.5 (2H, m), 4.5-4.6 (1H, m), 3.8 (1H,m), 3.6 (1H, m), 3.3-3.4 (1H, m), 2.85-2.0 (1H, m), 2.55 (1H, m),1.7-1.9 (2H, s), 1.3-1.4 (6H, m).

Step 9: PreparationN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide

A suspension of H₅IO₆/CrO₃ (66 mL of 0.44 M in CH₃CN; Note) was cooledto 0° C. and a solution of the alcohol from Step 8 (1.55 g) in CH₃CN (5mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 3.5hours. It was poured into pH 4 Na₂HPO₄ (200 mL) under vigorous stirringand the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3×50 mL). The combinedether extracts were washed with water and brine (1:1) followed by diluteaqueous NaHSO₃ and brine. The mixture was dried with sodium sulfate,filtered and the solvents were evaporated to dryness to yield ofN-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-4-fluoro-L-leucine whichwas used as such in the next step.

Note. The oxidizing reagent (H₅IO₆/CrO₃) was prepared as described inTetrahedron Letters 39 (1998) δ 5323-5326 but using HPLC grade CH₃CN(contains 0.5% water); no water was added.

Diisopropylethylamine (4.2 mL) was added to a 0° C. suspension of theacid (1.5 g) from above, 1-amino-1-cyclopropanecarbonitrilehydrochloride (1.18 g),O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (1.94 g) and dimethylformamide (5 mL) and themixture was reacted at room temperature for 48 h. It was then poured onice and dilute aqueous ammonium chloride. The mixture was extracted withethyl acetate and ether (1:1) and the combined organic layers werewashed with pH 3 dilute Na₂HPO₄ and brine. The solvents were evaporatedto dryness and the residue was purified by chromatography on SiO₂ usingethyl acetate and hexanes (1:2) to yieldN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamidein a sufficient purity state for the next step.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.15 (1H, NH), 7.6 (2H, m), 7.45 (2H, m), 4.35-4.45(1H, m), 3.45-3.55 (1H, m), 1.9-2.1 (2H, m), 1.75-1.85 (1H, NH),1.35-1.55 (8H, m), 1.1-1.15 (1H, m), 0.95-1.05 (1H, m).

Step 10: Preparation ofN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

A stream of nitrogen was passed through a suspension of the bromide fromStep 9 (0.338 g), 4-(methylthio)phenylboronic acid (0.252 g), 2M aqueousNa₂CO₃ (0.8 mL) and DMF (4 mL) for 15 minutes. PdCl₂ dppf (0.1 g) wasthen added and the reaction was warmed to 85° C. and stirred undernitrogen for 5 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature,diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and poured into water (50 mL) andice. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and the aqueous furtherextracted with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate extracts weredried and the solvents removed in vacuo. The residue was purified bychromatography on SiO₂ using ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:2) to yieldN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.15 (1H, NH), 7.1-7.2 (4H, m), 7.5-7.55 (2H, m),7.35-7.4 (2H, m), 4.3-4.4 (1H, m), 3.45-3.55 (1H, m), 2.75-2.8 (1H, NH),2.5 (3H, s), 1.9-2.05 (2H, m), 1.3-1.5 (8H, m), 1.0-1.1 (1H, m),0.85-0.95 (1H, m).

Step 11: Preparation ofN-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

To a 0° solution of the sulfide (0.265 g) from Step 10 in toluene (5 mL)and dichloromethane (5 mL) was added Na₂WO₄.2H₂O (0.002 g) and n-Bu₄NHSO₄ (0.01 g). 30% Hydrogen peroxide (0.137 mL) was then slowly addedand the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixturewas poured slowly onto a mixture of ice, dilute aqueous sodiumthiosulfate and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and theaqueous further extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organiclayers were washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and thesolvent was removed in vacuo to yield a residue which was purified onSiO₂ using ethyl acetate, hexanes and dichloromethane (1:1:0.1) aseluant. The residue was triturated in diethyl ether to yieldN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide.

¹H NMR (CD₃COCD₃) δ 8.2 (1H, NH), 8.05-8.1 (2H, m), 7.95-8.0 (2H, m),7.8 (2H, m), 7.65 (2H, m), 4.35-4.45 (1H, m), 3.5-3.6 (1H, m), 3.2 (3H,s), 2.8-2.9 (1H, NH), 1.9-2.1 (2H, m), 1.3-1.5 (8H, m), 1.05-1.15 (1H,m), 0.9-1.0 (1H, m).

EXAMPLE 16 Synthesis of(4S)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation of 5,5,5-Trifluoroleucine hydrochloride salt

A racemic diastereomeric mixture of ethylN-benzoyl-5,5,5-trifluoroleucinate (10.0 g, 31.5 mmol), preparedaccording to the procedure of Ojima et. al. (J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54,4511-4522), was refluxed in 6M aqueous HCl (100 mL) for 16 h. Aftercooling, the mixture was washed with Et₂O and concentrated in vacuo toafford a racemic diastereomeric mixture of 5,5,5-trifluoroleucine HClsalt.

¹H NMR (Methanol-d₄) δ 4.10 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.35-1.80 (m, 2H),1.25 (m, 3H).

Step 2: Methyl (4S)—N—[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinateand methyl (4R)—N—[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinate

To a cold (0° C.) solution of the 5,5,5-trifluoroleucine HCl salt (fromStep 1 above) in H₂O (30 mL) was added 1M aqueous NaOH (60 mL, 60 mmol)followed by acetic anhydride (3.5 mL, 36.7 mmol). The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 30 min to 1 h. After acidification with6M aqueous HCl (6 mL), the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (6×). Thecombined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) andconcentrated. The residue was swished with hexanes:Et₂O (1:1) to affordN-acetyl-5,5,5-trifluoroleucine as a white solid.

To a suspension of N-acetyl-5,5,5-trifluoroleucine (4.2 g, 18.5 mmol) inH₂O (35 mL) was added 1 M aqueous NaOH (18.5 mL, 18.5 mmol) and themixture was stirred for 15 to 30 min to give a homogenous solution.Acylase I (EC 3.5.1.14, from Sigma, Cat. #A 3010; 55 mg) was added andthe mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Crude NMR of asmall aliquot (evaporated under vacuum) showed a ratio of 53:47 forstarting material and product. The mixture was then acidified with 6Maqueous HCl (˜3.5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (4×, each EtOAcextraction was washed with a small amount of H₂O). The combined EtOAcextracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated toafford the crude N-acetyl-5,5,5-trifluoro-D-leucine as a pale yellowsolid, [α]_(D)=+27.6° (c 1.5, EtOH). The aqueous layer was concentratedunder vacuum and dried under vacuum overnight to afford5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucine, probably contaminated with NaCl and HClsalts, [α]_(D)=−−4.1° (c 0.77, H₂O).

To a stirred solution of the 5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucine (12 g) in H₂O(150 mL) at 0° C. was added benzyl chloroformate (4.8 mL, 34 mol),followed by dropwise addition of 1 M aqueous NaOH (120 mL, 120 mmol).More benzyl chloroformate (4.8 mL, 34 mmol) was added. The mixture wasfurther stirred at 0° C. and the pH of the mixture became ˜7. Themixture was washed with Et₂O (2×) and acidified with aqueous HCl. Theaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×), dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo to provideN-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucine. The crude acid wasdissolved in Et₂O and treated with a solution of diazomethane in Et₂O.Chromatography over silica gel and elution with hexanes:Et₂O (7:3) gavemethyl (4S)—N—[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinate as theless polar fraction.

¹H NMR (Acetone-d₆) δ 7.45-7.25 (m, 5H), 6.86 (d, 1H), 5.10 (m, 2H),4.38 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H),1.16 (d, 3H).

Further elution afforded(4R)—N—[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinate as the morepolar fraction, contaminated with small amount of benzyl alcohol.

¹H NMR (Acetone-d₆) δ 7.40-7.25 (m, 5H), 6.86 (d, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H),4.35 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.75 (m, 1H),1.16 (d, 3H).

Step 3: (2S,4S)-2-amino-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a solution of methyl(4S)—N—[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinate (5.4 g, 16.2mmol) in EtOH (150 mL) at room temperature was added LiCl (2.8 g, 66mol) and the mixture was stirred for 10 to 15 min, followed by theaddition of NaBH₄ (2.5 g, 66 mmol). The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 6 h. After dilution with H₂O (60 mL), the mixture wasquenched with 6M aqueous HCl (18 mL). More H₂O was added and the mixturewas extracted with EtOAc (2×).

The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated to give the crude benzyl(1S,3S)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylbutylcarbamate.

The above alcohol was dissolved in EtOH (150 mL) and 10% Pd/C (˜500 mg)was added. The mixture was stirred under a H₂ atmosphere (ballon)overnight. The catalyst was filtered off through celite and the filtratewas concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (Methanol-d₄) δ 3.48 (dd, 1H), 3.38 (dd, 1H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 2.50(m, 1H), 1.62-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.12 (d, 3H).

Step 4:(2S,4S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-methyl-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine

(2S,4S)-2-Amino-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol (2.6 g, 15.2 mmol)was converted to the title compound as described in Steps 1 and 2,Example 8.

¹H NMR (Acetone-d₆) δ 7.98 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m,1H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.12 (d, 3H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s,3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

Step 5:(2S,4S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a cold (−78° C.) solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (7.0 g, 29.7 mmol) inEt₂O (75 mL) at was added dropwise a solution of 2.5 M n-BuLi in hexanes(7.0 mL, 17.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at −78° C. Asolution of(2S,4S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-methyl-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine(3.7 g, 10.1 mmol) in a small amount of Et₂O was added and the mixturewas further stirred at −78° C. for an additional 1 h. The mixture wasthen quenched with H₂O, extracted with EtOAc, dried (MgSO₄) andconcentrated.

The crude product from above was dissolved in THF (20 mL) and HOAc (0.3mL) was added. After addition of a solution of 1M of tetrabutylammoniumfluoride in THF (20 mL, 20 mmol), the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. Solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue wasdiluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc extract was washedwith brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. Chromatography over silicagel and elution with hexanes:EtOAc (4:1) afforded the title compound asa pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (Acetone-d₆) δ 7.60 (d, 2H), 7.48 (d, 2H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 3.80 (t,1H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.75 (m,1H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.14 (d, 3H).

Step 6:(4S)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucine

The title compound was prepared as described in Step 9, Example 15 from(2S,4S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-methylpentan-1-ol.

¹H NMR (Acetone-d₆) δ 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.46 (d, 2H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 3.58(dd, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.20 (d, 3H).

Step 7:(4S)—N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinamide

The title compound was prepared as described in Step 9, Example 15 from(4S)—N-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucine.

¹H NMR (Acetone-d₆) δ 8.20 (br s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 7.43 (d, 2H), 4.34(m, 1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.39(m, 2H), 1.14 (d, 3H), 1.15-0.90 (m, 2H).

MS (+ESI): 486, 488 [M+1]⁺.

Step 8:(4S)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide

The title compound was prepared as described in Steps 10 and 11, Example15 from(4S)—N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinamide.

[α]_(D)=+ 66° (c 0.5, acetone).

¹H NMR (Acetone-d₆) δ 8.20 (br s, 1H), 8.03 (d, 2H), 7.94 (d, 2H), 7.78(d, 2H), 7.62 (d, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.88(m, 1H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.16 (d, 3H),1.15-0.85 (m, 2H).

MS (+ESI): 562 [M+1]⁺.

EXAMPLE 17 Synthesis ofN-benzyl-1-(benzyloxy)-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-2-amine Step 1:Preparation of N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-methylenenorvaline

To a solution of dehydro-L-leucine (2.00 g, 15.48 mmol) anddi-tert-butyldicarbonate (10.14 g, 46.4 mmol) in THF (ca 100 mL) andwater (ca 50 mL) was added triethylamine (12.94 mL, 92.8 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Citricacid (ca. 100 mL of a 1M aqueous solution) was added and the product wasextracted into ca. 400 mL of methylene chloride. The organic phase wasdried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated by rotaryevaporation. Purification by silica gel chromatography using 0-10%methanol in dichloromethane as eluant yielded the title compound.

Step 2: Preparation of tert-butyl1-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylbut-3-enylcarbamate

To a solution of Boc-dehydro-L-leucine (2.84 g, 12.4 mmol) and4-methylmorpholine (1.36 mL, 12.4 mmol) in dry THF (40 mL), equilibratedto −10° C., was added dropwise isobutylchloroformate (1.61 mL, 12.4mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir for 30 minutes and theprecipitate was removed by filtration. The filtrate was equilibrated at0° C. and with stirring a solution of sodium borohydride (0.938 g, 24.8mmol) in about 10 mL of water was added dropwise. The reaction wasallowed to return to ambient temperature and stirred for an additionalhour. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate and the product was extracted into ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated by rotary evaporation to yield the title compound. MS(+ESI): 216.1 [M-boc-+1]⁺

Step 3: Preparation of tert-butyl benzyl{1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-3-methylbut-3-enyl}carbamate

To a solution of Boc-dehydro-L-leucinol (2.56 g, 11.91 mmol) and benzylbromide (3.54 mL, 29.8 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added sodium hydride(1.19 g of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 29.8 mmol) and the reactionwas allowed to stir for 3 hours. Additional benzyl bromide (3.54 mL) andsodium hydride dispersion (1.19 g) were added and the reaction wasallowed to stir an additional 16 hours. Water (ca 100 mL) was added andthe product was extracted twice into dichloromethane (100 mL). Theorganic phases were combined and washed twice with about 100 mL ofwater. The organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification by silica gelchromatography using a gradient of 0-5% ethyl acetate in hexanes yieldedthe title compound.

Step 4: Preparation ofN-benzyl-1-(benzyloxy)-4-fluoro-4-methylpentan-2-amine

A solution of 70% hydrogen fluoride in pyridine (3.75 mL) wasequilibrated to 0° C. in a polypropylene vessel. A solution ofN-benzyl-boc-(L)-leucinol benzyl either (1.52 g, 3.85 mmol) was addedand the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 6 hours. The reactionvessel was then equilibrated in an ice bath and allowed to react for 5days. The reaction was quenched by addition of ice water and the productwas extracted into methylene chloride. Purification of silica gelchromatography using a gradient of 0-10% methanol in dichloromethaneyielded the title compound.

MS (+ESI): 316.0 [M+1]⁺

EXAMPLE 18 Synthesis of(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentanoicacid cyanomethyl amide

Step 1: Preparation of2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-5,5,5-trifluoro-pent-2-enoic acid methyl ester

N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-α-phosphonoglycine trimethyl ester and DBU weredissolved in dry methylene chloride (50 mL) and the reaction mixture waschilled to −30° C. 3,3,3-Trifluoropropanal (1 eq) was added dropwise tothe chilled and stirred solution and the reaction was allowed to stirfor an additional hour at −30° C., and then overnight at ambienttemperature. Methylene chloride (ca. 100 mL) was added and the organicphase was washed with 1N HCl (ca. 100 mL), then saturated brine (ca. 100mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentratedby rotary evaporation. This crude product was purified by silica gelchromatography with a gradient of 10-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes toyield 2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-5,5,5-trifluoro-pent-2-enoic acid methylester as a white, crystalline solid.

MS (+ESI): 318.0 [M+1]⁺

Step 2: Preparation of(S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-5,5,5-trifluoropentanoic acid methyl ester

2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-5,5,5-trifluoropent-2-enoic acid methylester(15.37 g, 48.5 mmol) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (100 mL) in aParr hydrogenation vessel. The solution was sparged with a stream ofnitrogen and then (+)Duphos (350 mg) was added. The reaction mixture wasplaced on a Parr hydrogenation apparatus and the headspace was evacuatedand then pressurized with 50 psi of hydrogen. This process was repeatedseven times and the vessel was then pressurized with 50 psi of hydrogenand agitated on the Parr apparatus overnight. The reaction mixture wasthen concentrated by rotary evaporation, dissolved in 1:1 ethylacetate:hexanes, and filtered through a bed of silica to removecatalyst. The filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation yieldingcrude (S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-5,5,5-trifluoropentanoic acid methylester that was carried forward without further purification.

Step 3: Preparation of(S)-(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-hydroxymethyl-butyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester

(2S)-2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-5,5,5-trifluoropentanoic acid methyl esterfrom Step 2 was dissolved in dry THF (400 mL). A solution of LiBH₄ (2.11g in 100 mL of dry THF) was added dropwise with stirring and thesolution was allowed to stir at ambient temperature overnight. Thereaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and 400 mL ofwater was added. The pH was then adjusted to pH 2 by addition ofconcentrated HCl and then the product was extracted into ethyl acetate.The organic phase was washed two times with water, dried with MgSO₄,filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to yield crude(S)-(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-hydroxymethyl-butyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester.

MS (-ESI): 290.2 [M−1]⁻

Step 4: Preparation of[1-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-butyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester

To a solution of (S)-(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-hydroxymethyl-butyl)-carbamicacid benzyl ester (13.89 g, 47.7 mmol) and triethylamine (7.32 mL, 52.5mmol) in DMF (60 mL) was added dropwise, with stirring, a solution oft-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (7.91 g in 40 mL of DMF) at ambienttemperature. The solution was allowed to stir overnight at ambienttemperature. The reaction mixture was then concentrated by rotaryevaporation and ethyl acetate was added. The organic phase was washedtwice with water, dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated by rotaryevaporation. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatographyusing 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes as eluant to yield[1-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-butyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester as a white crystalline solid.

MS (+ESI): 406.2 [M+1]⁺

Step 5: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]-oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-pentan-2-amine

[1-(tert-Butyldimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutyl]carbamicacid benzyl ester was dissolved in absolute ethanol (100 mL) in a Parrhydrogenation vessel and the solution was sparged with nitrogen. 10% Pdon carbon (1.8 g) was added and the vessel was placed on a Parrhydrogenation apparatus. The head space of the vessel was evacuated andthen pressurized with 50 psi of hydrogen. This process was repeatedseven times and the vessel was pressurized with 50 psi of hydrogen andthen agitated on the apparatus overnight. The catalyst was removed byfiltering through Celite® and then the reaction mixture was concentratedby rotary evaporation to yield(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]-oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-pentan-2-amine.

MS (+ESI): 272.1 [M+1]⁺

Step 6: Preparation of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine

A solution of(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-pentan-2-amine(3.00 g, 11.06 mmol) and trifluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal (1.6 g,11.1 mmol) in benzene (20 mL) was refluxed for 2 hours during which timewater was collected in a Dean-Stark trap. The solvent was removed invacuo yielding crude(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine.

MS (+ESI): 352.2 [M+1]⁺

Step 7: Preparation of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-5,5,5-trifluoropentan-1-ol

n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 21.4 mL) was added dropwise to a stirredsolution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (12.6 g) in dry diethyl ether (80 mL) at−30° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. A solutionof(2S)-1-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}-5,5,5-trifluoro-N-[(1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene]pentan-2-amine(3.75 g, 10.7 mmol) in dry diethyl ether (30 mL) was then added dropwiseand the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature andstirred for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then quenched with 100 mLof water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with magnesiumsulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated by rotaryevaporation to yield crude product which was purified by silica gelchromatography using 1% ethyl acetate in hexanes as eluant to yield(S)-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl]-[1-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-butyl]-amine(1.8 g).(S)-[1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl]-[1-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-butyl]-aminewas dissolved in THF (50 mL) and chilled to 0° C. and tert-butylammoniumfluoride (10.6 mL, 1 M THF solution) was added dropwise. The reactionmixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 4hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with a saturated aqueoussolution of ammonium chloride and then ethyl acetate was added and themixture vigorously shaken. The organic layer was separated and washedtwo times with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate and filtered. Thesolvent was removed by rotary evaporation to yield a residue which waspurified on SiO₂ using a gradient of 20-25% ethyl acetate in hexanes aseluant to yield(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-5,5,5-trifluoropentan-1-ol.

MS (+ESI): 393.9, 395.8 [M+1]⁺

Step 8: Preparation of(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentan-1-ol

A stream of nitrogen was passed through a suspension of(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-5,5,5-trifluoropentan-1-ol(0.55 g),2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane(0.59 g) 2.5 M K₂CO₃ (2.75 mL) and DMF (0.91 mL) for 20 minutes.[1,1′-Bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene]-palladium (II) chloride (1:1complex with dichloromethane, 34 mg) was then added, the vessel sealed,and the reaction was warmed to 85° C. and stirred under nitrogen for 5hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted withethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (50 mL) and shaken vigorously. The ethylacetate layer was separated and washed 3 times with water, dried withmagnesium sulfate, and filtered. Removal of the solvent left a residuethat was purified by chromatography on SiO₂ using a gradient of 10-30%ethyl acetate in hexanes. Rotary evaporation of appropriate fractionsyielded(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentan-1-ol.

Step 9: Preparation of(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentanoicacid

A stock oxidant suspension was prepared by stirring periodic acid (2.28g) and chromium trioxide (4.6 mg) in wet acetonitrile (0.75% water) tocreate a suspension of total volume of 22.8 mL. The oxidant suspension(4.22 mL) was then added to a stirred solution of(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentan-1-ol(0.35 g, 0.74 mmol) in wet acetonitrile (3.7 mL) dropwise whilemaintaining the temperature at 0-5° C. The reaction mixture was allowedto warm to ambient temperature after one hour and then stirred for anadditional 4 hours. The reaction was quenched with aqueous sodiumhydrogen phosphate (6 g/100 mL) and toluene was added and the mixtureshaken vigorously. The organic phase was wased with 1:1 brine:water,then with aqueous sodium bisulfite (2.2 g/50 mL), then brine. Theorganic layer was then dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified bysilica gel chromatography using 5-10% methanol in methylene chloride aseluant to yield(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentanoicacid.

MS (-ESI): 482.0 [M−1]⁻

Step 10: Preparation of(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentanoicacid cyanomethyl amide

(2S)-5,5,5-Trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentanoicacid (0.55 g, 0.114 mmol), aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride (21 mg, 0.228mmol) and HATU (43 mg, 0.114 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (2 mL) and thereaction mixture was cooled to −20° C. Diisopropylethylamine (0.10 mL,0.57 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at −20° C. forthree hours and then at ambient temperature for 16 hours. Ethyl acetate(ca.30 mL) and water (ca.30 mL) were added and the mixture was shakenvigorously. The organic layer was washed with water, dried withmagnesium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated by rotaryevaporation and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatographyusing 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes as eluant to yield(2S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)pentanoicacid cyanomethyl amide as a white solid.

MS (+ESI): 522.3 [M+1]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.0-8.053 (2H, d), 7.74-7.78 (2H, d), 7.63-7.66 (2H,d), 7.48-7.51 (2H, d), 6.94-7.00 (1H, bt, NH), 4.06-4.22 (3H, m),3.36-3.43 (1H, m), 2.21-2.37 (3H, m), 1.88-2.03 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃)6-66.74-66.83 (3F, t), 74.14-74.17 (3F, d).

EXAMPLE 19 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide

Step 1: Preparation of(S)-2-[(4-fluorobenzylidene)-amino]-4-methylpentan-1-ol

A mixture of (L)-leucinol (1.13 g, 9.67 mmol) and 4-fluorobenzaldehyde(1.20 g, 9.67 mmol) was dissolved in benzene (30 mL) and heated atreflux for 1 hour, using a Dean-Stark apparatus to remove water.(S)-2-[(4-Fluorobenzylidene)-amino]-4-methylpentan-1-ol was isolated byconcentration in vacuo, and was used immediately without furtherpurification.

Step 2: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (11.4 g, 48.35 mmol) in ether (120mL) at −30° C. was added n-butyllithium (24.2 mL, 2.0M cyclohexanesolution) over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 45minutes, whereupon a solution of (S)2-[(4-fluorobenzylidene)-amino]-4-methylpentan-1-ol (maximum 2.16 g,9.67 mmol from the previous step) in ether (30 mL) was added dropwise.After 2 hours, during which the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to0° C., water (200 mL) was added. The product was extracted with ethylacetate (150 mL), washed with brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄,filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified on a short plug of silicagel (20% ethyl acetate/hexane elution) to give(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol.

MS (+APCI): 380, 382 [M+1]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.91 (d, 6H), 1.22 (m, 1H), 1.43 (m, 1H), 1.61 (m,1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 3.28 (m, 1H), 3.63 (m, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H); 7.00 (m,2H), 7.22 (d, 2H), 7.2 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, 2H).

Step 3: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid

To a solution of(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol(3.28 g, 8.65 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) containing water (0.375 mL)at 0-5° C. was added, over 20 minutes, a solution of periodic acid andchromium [VI]oxide in acetonitrile (50 mL: prepared by dissolving 11.4grams of H₅IO₆ and 23 mg of CrO₃ in 100 mL of CH₃CN and stirring for 2hours at room temperature according to the procedure described inTetrahedron Letters, 1998, vol. 39, p. 5323-5326). The reaction mixturewas stirred overnight while warming to room temperature. Disodiumphosphate (1.8 g/100 mL water) was added.

The reaction mixture was extracted with toluene (150 mL), washed with1:1 brine/water (50 mL), freshly prepared sodium bisulfite solution (2g/50 mL water), brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentratedin vacuo, and purified on a short plug of silica gel (30% ethylacetate/hexane elution to remove non-polar impurities, then 50% ethylacetate/dichloromethane elution) to give(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid.

Step 4: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide

To a solution of(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1.17 g, 2.86 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at −10° C. were added4-methylmorpholine (0.315 mL, 2.86 mmol) and isobutyl chloroformate(0.371 mL, 2.86 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes,whereupon aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride (0.318 g, 3.43 mmol) wasadded, followed by 4-methylmorpholine (0.315 mL, 2.86 mmol). Thesolution was stirred for 90 minutes. Ethyl acetate (30 mL) and aqueousdisodium phosphate (30 mL) were added. The organic phase was separated,washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. Theproduct was purified on a short plug of silica gel (10-50% ethylacetate/hexane gradient elution) to give(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide.

Step 5: Preparation ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide

A mixture of(2S)-2-{(R)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide (0.27 g, 0.636 mmol),2-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane(0.177 g, 0.626 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.703 mL of a 2.0 Msolution) in DMF (5 mL) was degassed.[1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex (27 mg, 0.038 mmol) was added. The reactionmixture was heated in a sealed tube at 80-85° C. for 3 hours and cooledto room temperature. Ethyl acetate (15 mL) was added. The reactionmixture was washed with brine (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (10 mL),brine (10 mL), filtered through a plug of MgSO₄/DARCO activatedcharcoal/silica gel, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by preparativeTLC (Chromatotron® using 5% ethyl acetate/dichloromethane to elute togive N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide.

¹H NMR δ (CDCl₃): 0.77 (d, 3H), 0.9 (d, 3H); 1.38 (m, 1H), 1.57 (m, 1H),1.71 (m, 1H), 2.01 (br s, 1H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 3.09 (m, 1H), 4.07 (m, 2H),4.89 (1H, s), 7.03 (m, 2H), 7.21 (m, 1H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.42 (d, 2H),7.53 (m, 2H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 7.97 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 20 Synthesis of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-(4′-methanesulfonylbiphenyl-4-yl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide

Step 1: Preparation of(2S)-2-[(2,4-difluorobenzylidene)-amino]-4-methylpentan-1-ol

A solution of (S)-(+)-leucinol (2.47 g, 21 mmol) and2,4-difluorobenzaldehyde (3 g, 21 mmol) in benzene (50 mL) was heated toreflux for 4 hours during which time water was collected in a Dean-Starktrap. The solvent was evaporated in vacuum to give(2S)-2-[(2,4-difluorobenzylidene)-amino]-4-methylpentan-1-ol.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, 1H), 6.81 (d, 2H), 4.6 (br s,1H), 3.8-3.2 (m, 3H), 1.6-1.2 (m, 3H), 0.9-0.8 (m, 6H).

Step 2: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol

To a solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (24.5 g, 100 mmol, 5 eq) in dryether (200 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere at −30° C., nBuLi (64.75 mL,1.6 M solution in hexanes, 5 eq) was added and the reaction mixture wasstirred for 1 h. A solution of2-[(2,4-difluorobenzylidene)-amino]-4-methylpentan-1-ol (5 g, 20 mmol)in dry ether was added slowly at −30° C. After stirring for 4 h, thereaction was quenched with water. The ether layer was washed withsaturated solution of NaCl, and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure and the crude was flash chromatographedon 500 cm³ of silica gel using 8:2 hexanes:EtOAc as an eluant to yield(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentan-1-ol.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 7.31 (dd, 2H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 6.94 (dd, 2H), 6.63 (d,1H), 6.54 (d, 1H), 5.02 (s, 1H), 4.45 (t, 1H), 3.5-3.3 (m, 2H), 2.3 (s,1H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.18-1.4 (m, 2H), 0.9-0.8 (m, 6H).

Step 3: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid

Using the procedure mentioned in Step 3 of Example 19,2-{[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentan-1-olwas oxidized to get(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid as a cream-colored solid.

Step 4: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide

Using the procedure mentioned in the Step 4 of Example 19,(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methyl-pentanoicacid was coupled with amino acetonitrile to give(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 7.31 (dd, 2H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 6.94 (dd, 2H), 6.63 (d,1H), 6.54 (d, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.14 (t, 2H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.19 (m,1H), 2.98 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.46 (m, 1H), 0.9-0.8 (m, 6H).

Step 5: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)-(4′-methanesulfonyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide

Using the procedure mentioned in the Step 5 of Example 19, Suzukicoupling was done with(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide to give(2S)-2-{(S)-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)-(4′-methanesulfonyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 8.01 (dd, 2H), 7.8 (dd, 2H), 7.35 (dd, 2H), 7.11(dd, 2H), 7.03 (d, 1H), 6.93 (d, 2H), 6.62 (d, 1H), 6.55 (d, 1H), 5.0(s, 1H), 4.13 (t, 2H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.0 (m, 1H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s,3H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 0.9-0.8 (m, 6H).

EXAMPLE 21 Synthesis ofN¹-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide

Step 1: Preparation of(S)-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butyl]-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)-amine

A mixture of (S)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butylamine (27g, 126 mmol) and trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (17.2 g, 132mmol) in benzene (250 mL) was heated at reflux, using a Dean-Stark trapto remove water. After 2 hours, no more water was collected. Thereaction mixture was cooled and concentrated to give(S)-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butyl]-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)-aminewhich was used in the next step without further purification or extendeddrying due to its volatility.

Step 2: Preparation of(2S)—(S)-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-[1:(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butyl]-amine

To a solution of dibromobenzene (63.7 g, 270 mmol) in ether (600 mL) at−30° C. was added n-BuLi (108 mL of a 2.5 M hexane solution) over 15minutes via addition funnel. The solution was allowed to warm to −10° C.over 35 minutes, and was cooled back to −30° C.(S)-[1-(tert-Butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butyl]-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)-amine(35.12 g, 108 mmol) was added in ether (200 mL) over 20 minutes. Thereaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour while warming to 0° C. Water(200 mL) was added. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine(200 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to dryness to give(2S)—(S)-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butyl]-aminewhich was used directly in the following step without furtherpurification.

Step 3: Preparation of(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentan-1-ol

To a solution of(2S)—(S)-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl]-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butyl]-amine(49.58 g, 109 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added tetrabutylammoniumfluoride (110 mL of a 1.0 M solution). The reaction mixture was stirredovernight at room temperature. After concentration of the reactionmixture, ether (300 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was washed withwater (2×100 mL), brine (100 mL), evaporated to dryness, and thenpurified by flash chromatography (3% ethyl acetate/hexane elution ofhighly non-polar materials then 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes to elute theproduct). The fractions containing product were combined, concentratedto a volume of 300 mL, washed with 0.25 M citric acid (200 mL), brine(100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to give(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentan-1-ol.This material was used directly in the next step without furtherpurification. TLC (30% ethyl acetate/hexanes) R_(f)=0.28.

Step 4: Preparation of(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid

To a solution of crude(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentan-1-ol(37.1 g, 109 mmol in dry acetonitrile (500 mL) at −78° C. was added asolution of periodic acid (71.7 g) and chromium trioxide (144 mg) in dryacetonitrile (630 mL) over 1 hour. The reaction mixture was allowed towarm to room temperature while stirring overnight. The reaction mixturewas concentrated under reduced pressure to a total volume ofapproximately 500 mL. A solution of citric acid (22 g in 250 mL H₂O) wasadded and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (800 mL). Thesolution was washed with freshly prepared NaHSO₃ (2×200 mL, 25 g soliddissolved to 200 mL with water) brine (300 mL), dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and evaporated to give a pale orange solid, which wastriturated with 5% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid.Additional acid was obtained by concentrating the mother liquors,partitioning the residue between ether and aqueous NaHCO₃, acidifyingthe aqueous layer with citric acid, extracting with ethyl acetate,drying over MgSO₄, filtering, and evaporating the solvent.

Step 5: Preparation ofN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide

A mixture of(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid(19.0 g, 53.6 mmol), 1-aminocyclopropanecarbonitrile hydrochloride(12.71 g, 107 mmol, synthesized according to O'Donnell, M. J. et al.,Synthesis, 1984, 127-128), and HATU (22.42 g, 59.0 mmol) was dissolvedin DMF (200 mL) and cooled to −78° C. Diisopropylethylamine (37.35 mL,214 mmol) was added and after stirring for 1 hour, the cooling bath wasremoved. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for an additional 1hour, whereupon saturated NaHCO₃ (300 mL) was added. The product wasextracted with ethyl acetate (500 mL), washed with brine (100 mL), 0.25M citric acid (200 mL), saturated NaHCO₃ (200 mL), brine (200 mL), driedover MgSO₄/DARCO, filtered through silica, and evaporated to dryness.After eluting the residue through another short plug of silica with 10%ethyl acetate/dichloromethane as mobile phase, the product wasconcentrated and recrystallized from ether/hexanes to yieldN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide.

MS (-ESI): 416, 418 [M−1]⁻

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (3H, t), 0.98 (m, 1H), 1.07 (m, 1H), 1.41 (m,2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 3.27 (1H, m), 1.04 (m,1H), 7.1 (br s, 1H), 1.24 (d, 2H), 7.75 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 22 Synthesis ofN²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

A mixture ofN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide(6.46 g, 15.44 mmol), 4-methanesulfonylphenyl-boronic acid (3.40 g,16.98 mmol), and 2M K₂CO₃ (19.3 mL) was dissolved in DMF (75 mL) in athick-walled flask. The reaction mixture was degassed, and[1,1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex (0.678 g, 0.926 mmol) was added. The flask wassealed, heated at 80-85° C. for 3 hours, cooled, and diluted with ethylacetate (300 mL). The solution was washed with 1:1 water/brine (200 mL),brine (200 mL), filtered through a three-layered plug of silica (bottom)DARCO, and MgSO₄ (top), concentrated in vacuo, and purified on a plug ofsilica gel (50-70% ethyl acetate/hexane elution). The product was thenfurther purified by recrystallization from ethyl acetate/hexanes toyield the title compound.

MS (+ESI): 494 [M+1]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 0.98 (m, 1H), 1.1 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m, 2H),1.29 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.28 (dd, 1H),4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (br s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 7.63 (d, 2H), 7.78 (d, 2H),8.02 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 23 Synthesis ofN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-norvalinamide

N²-[1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-norvalinamidewas prepared in similar manner toN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideusing aminoacetonitrile in the coupling step with(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid.

MS (+ESI): 392, 394 [M+1]⁺

EXAMPLE 24 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

N¹-(Cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidewas prepared in similar manner toN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideusingN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-norvalinamidedescribed above, in the Suzuki coupling with4-methanesulfonylphenylboronic acid or pinacolboronate. Alternatively,the compound could be prepared from Suzuki coupling between(2S)—(S)-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl]-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-butyl]-amineand 4-methanesulfonylphenylboronic acid, in the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex according to the procedure described above,followed by cleavage of the silyl ether with tetrabutylammoniumfluoride, oxidation using H₅IO₆/CrO₃ (vide supra) to afford(2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methanesulfonylbiphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoicacid, and coupling of this material with aminoacetonitrile hydrochloridein the presence of HATU/diisopropylethylamine/DMF afforded the titlecompound.

MS (+ESI): 468 [M+1]⁺

EXAMPLE 25 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

Step 1: Preparation of (4S)-4-propyl-2-trifluoromethyloxazolidine

(L)-Norvalinol hydrochloride (5.25 g, 37.60 mmol) andtrifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (5 mL, 37.6 mmol) were heated inbenzene (100 mL) in the presence of triethylamine (5.26 mL, 37.6 mmol)at reflux, using a Dean-Stark apparatus to trap water. After 3 hours,the reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with ether (100 mL), filtered,and evaporated to dryness, giving(4S)-4-propyl-2-trifluoromethyloxazolidine, which was used withoutfurther purification.

Step 2: Preparation of(2S)-2-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentan-1-ol

Butyllithium (41 mL of a 2.0M cyclohexane solution) was added at −30° C.to a solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (19.3 g, 81.89 mmol) in ether (250mL) over 10 minutes. After 1 hour, a solution of(4S)-4-propyl-2-trifluoromethyloxazolidine (3.00 g, 16.38 mmol) wasadded in ether (50 mL) over 30 minutes via an addition funnel. After 90minutes of stirring, water (100 mL) was added. The organic phase waswashed with brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporatedto dryness. The residue was purified on a plug of silica gel (10-30%ethyl acetate/hexane elution). An approximately 2:1 mixture ofdiastomers of(2S)-2-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentan-1-ol at theCF₃ residue was observed based on the norvaline methyl triplet at 0.98ppm (¹H NMR).

Step 3: Preparation ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideandN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

Synthesis of(2S)-2-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid andelaboration to the aminoacetonitrile adduct was accomplished inidentical manner to that described above forN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-norvalinamide.Suzuki coupling of the product, in identical manner to that describedforN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideyielded a 2:1 mixture ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideandN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide,which was isolated by means of preparative TLC (Chromatotron®).

MS (+ESI): 468 [M+1]⁺

EXAMPLE 26 Synthesis ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{1-[4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-norvalinamide

The title compound was prepared by the Suzuki cross-coupling of4-cyclopropylpiperazinephenyl bromide with(2S)-2-{2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamino}-pentanoicacid cyanomethylamide in the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex as described above, followed by purification bypreparative TLC (Chromatotron®).

MS (+ESI): 514 [M+1]⁺

EXAMPLE 27 Synthesis ofN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide

The title compound was prepared in similar manner to that described forN¹-(cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide(Example 24).

MS (+ESI): 495 [M+1]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (3H, t). 0.98 (m*, 1H); 1.08 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m,2H), 1.44 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.8 (m, 4H), 3.28 (m, 1H), 4.16 (q, 1H), 4.9 (brs*, 1H), 7.2 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 2H), 7.6 (d, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.99 (d,2H).

EXAMPLE 28 Synthesis of(2S)-2-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was prepared in similar manner to that described forN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidevia Suzuki cross-coupling between 4-acetylphenylboronic acid andN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamidein the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex.

MS (+ESI): 458 [M+1]⁺, 480 [M+1+Na]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 0.98 (m, 1H), 1.-7 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m,2H), 1.57 (s, 2H), 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 3.33 (dd,1H), 4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (br s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 2H), 7.65-7.69 (2×d, 4H),8.03 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 29 Preparation of(2S)-2-[(1S)-1-(2′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was synthesized in similar manner to that describedforN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidevia Suzuki cross-coupling between 2,4-difluorophenylboronic acid andN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamidein the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex.

MS (+ESI): 452 [M+1]⁺, 474 [M+1+Na]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.90 (m, 1H), 0.97 (t, 3H), 1.04 (m, 1H), 1.41-1.5 (m,4H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.19 (br s, 1H), 3.32 (dd, 1H), 4.13(dd, 1H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.19 (br s, 1H), 7.41 (m, 3H), 7.53 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 30 Synthesis of(2S)-2-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was prepared in similar manner to that described forN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidevia Suzuki cross-coupling between 3,4-difluorophenylboronic acid andN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamidein the presence of1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex.

MS (+ESI): 452 [M+1]⁺, 474 [M+1+Na]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 0.98 (m, 1H), 1.07 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m,2H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 2.18 (br s, 1H), 3.29 (dd,1H), 4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (br s, 1H), 7.13-7.3 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.42(d, 2H), 7.57 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 31 Preparation of(2S)-2-[(1S)-1-(3′-chloro-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was prepared in similar manner to that described forN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidevia Suzuki cross-coupling between 3-chloro-4-fluorophenylboronic acidandN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamidein the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex.

MS (+ESI): 468 [M+1]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.99 (t, 3H), 1.00 (m, 1H), 1.08 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m,2H), 1.51 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 2.19 (br s, 1H), 3.33(dd, 1H), 4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (m, 2H), 7.42 (m, 3H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 7.62(m, 1H).

EXAMPLE 32 Synthesis of(2S)-2-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was synthesized in similar manner to that describedforN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidevia Suzuki cross-coupling between p-tolylboronic acid andN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamidein the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex. MS (+ESI): 430 [M+1]⁺

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.90 (m, 1H), 0.98 (t, 3 h), 1.02 (m, 1H) 1.4-1.5 (m,4H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.69 (m, 1H), 2.19 (br s, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 3.35(dd, 1H), 4.1 (q, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H) 7.24 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 7.46 (d,2H), 7.60 (d, 2H).

EXAMPLE 33 Synthesis of(2S)-2-[(1S)-1-(4′-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was synthesized in similar manner to that describedforN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidevia Suzuki cross-coupling between 4-cyanophenylboronic acid andN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamidein the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex.

MS (+ESI): 441 [M+1]⁺

EXAMPLE 34 Synthesis of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide

Step 1: Preparation of 3-methyl-3-(toluenesulfonyl-oxymethyl)oxetane

p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (57.2 g, 300 mmol) was dissolved in drypyridine (400 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere.3-methyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane (20.4 g, 200 mmol) was added slowly,and the solution was stirred for 1.5 h. Crushed ice (400 g) was thenadded to vigorously stirring mixture, which was allowed to stir for anadditional 0.5 h. The white precipitate was then collected on Whatmanfilter paper #1 and washed with cold water. The product was dried underhigh vacuum to obtain 3-methyl-3-(toluenesulfonyl-oxymethyl)oxetane(oxetane tosylate) as a white powder of oxetane tosylate.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (d, 2H), 7.37 (d, 2H), 4.37 (m, 4H), 4.11 (s, 2H),2.46 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 3H).

Step 2: Preparation of (2S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-pentanoicacid 3-methyloxetan-3-ylmethyl ester

Cbz-L-leucine (2 g, 7.5 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.46 g, 4.5 mmol, 0.6 eq) weredissolved in water (20 mL). Water was then removed in vacuo, and theresulting oil was lyophilized for 12 h to give a white solid. To thissolid were added 3-methyl-3-(toluenesulfonyl-oxymethyl)oxetane (oxetanetosylate) (1.8 g, 4.5 mmol), and NaI (224 mg, 1.5 mmol, 0.2 eq.) whichwere taken up in DMF (35 mL) and allowed to stir under nitrogen for 48h. The DMF was then removed in vacuo, and the resulting solid wasdissolved in EtOAc (60 mL) and washed with 10% NaHCO₃ (20 mL) andsaturated NaCl (10 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was removedunder reduced pressure to yield yellow oil which was flash columnchromatographed on 200 cm³ of silica gel using 3:1 hexanes:EtOAc as aneluant to give (2S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-pentanoic acid3-methyloxetan-3-ylmethyl ester (Cbz-Leu oxetane ester) as a yellowthick oil.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 7.75 (d, 1H), 7.26-7.38 (m, 5H), 5.05 (s, 2H),4.0-4.4 (m, 8H), 1.45-1.7 (m, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 0.85-0.9 (m, 6H).

Step 3. Preparation of[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester

(2S)-2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-pentanoic acid3-methyloxetan-3-ylmethyl ester (Cbz-Leu oxetane ester) (2 g, 5.7 mmol)was dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) under nitrogen. BF₃.Et₂O (40 μl, 0.3mmol, 0.054 eq.) was diluted in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and added to thereaction flask. The reaction was allowed to warm up to room temperatureand stirred for 12 h. Triethylamine (335 μl, 3.3 mmol, 0.58 eq) wasadded and the reaction was stirred for an additional 30 min., beforebeing concentrated to thick oil. The crude product was redissolved onEtOAc (15 mL), washed with 3% NH₄C1 (10 mL), and saturated NaCl (10 mL),dried (MgSO₄), and evaporated to dryness. The reaction yielded acolorless thick oil, which crystallized on standing to give[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester, (Cbz-Leu-OBO ester).

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 7.25-7.35 (br m, 5H), 6.88 (d, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H),3.80 (s, 6H), 3.7 (m, 1H) 1.2-1.6 (m, 3H), 0.75-0.85 (m, 6H), 0.70 (s,3H).

Step 4: Preparation of3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butylamine

To[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-carbamicacid benzyl ester (3.2 g, 9.2 mmol) in absolute EtOH (30 mL) was added10% Pd in activated carbon (320 mg, 10%) under nitrogen. The reactionmixture was hydrogenated at 50 psi for 6 h. The reaction was monitoredby TLC and the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite. The solventwas removed to get3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butylamine asa white solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.2-3.4 (br s, 3H), 1.75 (m, 1H),1.0-1.4 (m, 2H), 0.75-0.90 (m, 6H), 0.75 (s, 3H).

Step 5: Preparation of[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-thiazol-2-ylmethyleneamine

A solution of3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butylamine(1.9 g, 8.8 mmol) and thiazole-2-carboxaldehyde (998 mg, 8.8 mmol) inbenzene was refluxed for 3 h using a Dean-Stark trap, during which timewater was collected and the remaining residue was evaporated underreduced pressure to get[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-thiazol-2-ylmethyleneamineas an orange solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 8.4 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.84 (d, 1H), 3.82 (s,6H), 3.4 (m, 1H), 1.7 (m, 1H), 1.5 (m, 1H), 1.3 (m, 1H), 0.9 (m, 6H),0.75 (s, 3H).

Step 6: Preparation of[(4-bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-amine

To a solution of dibromobenzene (760 mg, 3.2 mmol) in dry ether wasadded 2.5 M solution of nBuLi in hexanes (1.3 mL, 3.2 mmol) at −30° C.After stirring forl h, a solution of[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-thiazol-2-ylmethylene-amine(500 mg, 1.6 mmol) in 5 mL of dry ether was added slowly. The reactionmixture was allowed to stir at the same temperature for 2 h and then thereaction was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated NaCl and dried over MgSO₄. Thesolvent was evaporated in vacuo. The crude was flash columnchromatographed using 2:1 hexanes:EtOAc as an eluant to get[(4-bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-amineas a pale yellow solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) δ 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.5 (d, 2H), 7.28 (d,2H), 5.68 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 3.3 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 1.95 (m,1H), 1.4 (m, 1H), 1.2 (m, 1H), 0.9 (d, 3H), 0.75 (s, 3H), 0.7 (d, 3H).

Step 7: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid

To a solution of[(4-bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-[3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butyl]-amine(500 mg, 1.06 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and water (18 mL), was added 1N HCl(3.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. After checking theTLC for the disappearance of the starting material, Li(OH).H₂O (280.2mg, 6.3 eq.) was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Then 1NHCl was added to adjust the pH 4-6, and the product was extracted withEtOAC and the organic layer dried over MgSO4. The solvent was evaporatedto yield(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid as a yellow solid.

Step 8: Preparation of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide

In the presence of HATU (1 eq.) and diisopropylethylamine (4 eq.),(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid was coupled with aminoacetonitrile (2 eq., 1 eq. excess) to give(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethylamide as a cream solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃) 8.73 (t, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.5 (dd,2H), 7.25 (dd, 2H) 4.92 (d, 1H), 4.14 (t, 2H), 3.32 (s, 1H), 3.19 (m,1H), 2.98 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.46 (m, 1H), 0.9-0.85 (m, 6H).

EXAMPLE 35 Synthesis of(2S)2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was prepared by the coupling of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid with 1-aminocyclopropanecarbonitrile in the presence of HATU anddiisopropylamine, in similar manner to that described for thepreparation of Example 34. The synthesis of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid was accomplished via addition of bromophenyllithium (generated insitu from 1,4-dibromobenzene and n-butyllithium) to the iminecondensation product between thiazole 2-carboxayldehyde and3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-1-yl)-butylamine(L-leucine OBO ester, prepared according to the method described forExample 34), followed by ortho ester deprotection.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.82 (d, 3H), 0.95 (d, 3H), 1.04 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.62(m, 4H), 1.80 (m, 1H), 3.12 (dd, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H),7.23-7.25 (d, 2H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 7.74 (m, 1H).

EXAMPLE 36 Synthesis of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(2′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was prepared via the Suzuki cross-coupling of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid

(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide with 2,4-difluorobenzeneboronic acid, in thepresence of [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex. MS (-ESI): 479 [M−1]⁻

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.84 (d, 3H), 0.97 (d, 3H), 1.03 (m, 2H), 1.47 (m,2H), 1.57-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 3.27 (dd, 1H), 5.02 (s, 1H), 6.93(m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 3H), 7.48 (d, 2H), 7.77(d, 1H).

EXAMPLE 37 Synthesis of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4′-methanesulfonylbiphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide

The title compound was prepared in similar manner to that described for(2S)-2-{(S)-[(2′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide, via Suzuki cross-coupling of(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide with 4-methanesulfonylphenylboronicacid, in the presence of[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II),dichloromethane complex.

MS (-ESI): 521 [M−1]⁻

EXAMPLE 38 Synthesis ofN-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

Step 1: Preparation of methyl N-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-3-iodo-L-alaninate

To a solution of carbobenzyloxy-L-serine (25 g, 104 mmol) in ethylacetate (200 mL) was added a solution of diazomethane in ether until aslight yellow color persisted. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum.To the residue was added N,N-dimethylformamide (400 mL) andmethyltriphenoxyphosphonium iodide (50 g, 110 mmol). The mixture wasstirred for 15 minutes, then methanol (15 mL) was added and the mixturewas then poured over 20% sodium thiosulfate and extracted with a 1:1mixture of ethyl acetate:hexanes (2 L). The organic layer was washedwith water, brine (3×), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and thesolvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography using ethyl acetate and hexanes. The compound obtainedwas triturated in diethyl ether/hexanes, filtered and air dried toafford methyl N-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-3-iodo-L-alaninate.

Step 2: Preparation of methylN-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-oxo-L-norvalinate

A mixture of methyl N-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-3-iodo-L-alaninate (10 g,27.5 mmol), from Step 1, zinc-copper couple (3.3 g) in benzene (110 mL)and N,N-dimethylacetamide (7.4 mL) was sonicated in an ultra-sound bathfor 2 hours. Over this period, 3 portions of 1,2-dibromoethane (0.24 mL)and chlorotrimethylsilane (0.17 mL) were added. To this mixture was thenadded bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride (0.958 g, 1.4 mmol) andacetyl chloride (2.5 mL, 35.2 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 70° C.for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filteredon celite with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was then washed with asaturated solution of ammonium chloride, brine (2×), dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography using ethyl acetateand hexanes to afford methylN-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-oxo-L-norvalinate.

Step 3: Preparation of methylN-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinate

To a solution of methyl N-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-oxo-L-norvalinate (1.3g, 4.65 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) and methanol (0.019 mL) at 0°C. was added DAST (2.46 mL) slowly. The ice bath was removed andreplaced with a hot water (57° C.) bath. The hot water bath was replaced3 times, then the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Themixture was slowly poured over cold saturated NaHCO₃, extracted withethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filteredand the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography using ethyl acetate and hexanes to affordmethyl N-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinate.

Step 4: Preparation of benzyl (1S)-3,3-difluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)butylcarbamate

To a solution of methylN-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinate (1.59 g, 5.29 mmol)in ethanol (50 mL) was added lithium chloride (919 mg) and the mixturewas stirred for 10 minutes. Sodium borohydride (820 mg) was addedslowly, the mixture stirred for 2 hours. Then, another portion of sodiumborohydride (100 mg) was added and stirring continued for 30 minutes.The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and neutralized slowly with1N HCl followed by the addition of another aliquot of water. The mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate (2×), washed with brine, dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum toafford benzyl (1S)-3,3-difluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)butylcarbamate.

Step 5: Preparation of(2S)-1-((tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy)-4,4-difluoropentan-2-amine

To a solution of benzyl (1S)-3,3-difluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)butylcarbamate (from Step 4) in ethanol (25 mL) was added palladium oncharcoal (10%, 150 mg) and the mixture was stirred under a H₂ atmosphere(ballon) for 2 h.

Dichloromethane was added and the mixture was filtered on celite. Thesolvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved indichloromethane (15 mL) and triethylamine (1 mL),N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (10 mg) and chloro-t-butyldimethylsilane (844mg) were added. The mixture was stirred overnight, then water and brinewere added. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×), washedwith brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solventevaporated under vacuum to afford(2S)-1-((tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy)-4,4-difluoropentan-2-amine.

Step 6: Preparation of(2S)-1-((tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy)-4,4-difluoro-N-((1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)pentan-2-amine

A solution of(2S)-1-((tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy)-4,4-difluoropentan-2-amine, fromStep 5, and trifluoroacetaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (80%, 0.9 mL) inbenzene (20 mL) was refluxed over night with a Dean-Stark apparatus. Thesolvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue purified by silicagel chromatography using ethyl acetate and hexanes to afford(2S)-1-((tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy)-4,4-difluoro-N-((E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)pentan-2-amine.

Step 7: Preparation of(2S)-2-(((1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)-4,4-difluoropentan-1-ol

To a −78° C. solution of 1,4-dibromobenzene (330 mg) in THF (5.2 mL) wasadded 2.5M n-BuLi in hexanes (0.52 mL) and the solution was aged for 30minutes. Then, a solution of(2S)-1-((tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl)oxy)-4,4-difluoro-N-((1E)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)pentan-2-amine(333 mg) in THF (5.2 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at −78° C.for 45 minutes, then poured over cold saturated ammonium chloride,extracted with ethyl acetate (2×), washed with brine, dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. Theresidue was dissolved in THF (10 mL) cooled in an ice/water bath andn-tetrabutylammonium fluororide (1M in THF, 1.5 mL) was added. Themixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, poured over cold water, extractedwith ethyl acetate (2×), washed with brine, dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum to afford(2S)-2-(((1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)-4,4-difluoropentan-1-ol.

Step 8: Preparation ofN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide

(2S)-2-(((1S)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)-4,4-difluoropentan-1-olwas converted to the title compound using the method described in Step 9of Example 15.

Step 9: Preparation ofN-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

N²-[(1S)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamidewas converted to the title compound using the method described in Step10 of Example 15.

Step 10: Preparation ofN-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

N¹-(1-Cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamidewas converted to the title compound using the method described in Step11 of Example 15.

Using similar experimental procedures as those listed above, thefollowing compounds were synthesized.

NAME CHARACTERIZATION N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1- MS (+ESI):328.3 [M + 1]⁺ phenylethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 360.2 [M + 1]⁺fluoro-3-methylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 405.1 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 405.1 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 405.1 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 405.1 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 486.3 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-{[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 486.2 [M + 1]⁺{[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN²-[1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 404.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 410.2 [M + 1]⁺(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1- ynyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 436.2 [M + Na]⁺,414.2 [M + 1]⁺ 1-[4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 458.1, 456.1 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 455.2 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4- ylphenyl)propyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 422.2 [M + 1]⁺1-(4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 434.1 [M + Na]⁺1-{4-[(1E)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1- enyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 500.1 [M + Na]⁺pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′- biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 532.1 [M + Na]⁺pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 421.2 [M + Na]⁺1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 441.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(morpholin-4- ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 415.1 [M + 1]⁺1-(4- {[methoxy(methyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 388.3 [M − 21]⁻1-(4-thien-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 397.2 [M − 21]⁻1-[4-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 397.4 [M − 21]⁻1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,5- MS (−ESI): 401.4 [M − 21]⁻dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4′-cyano-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (−ESI): 407.4 [M − 21]⁻2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′- MS (−ESI): 418.4 [M − 21]⁻difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (−ESI): 440.5 [M − 21]⁻methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}- biphenyl-2-carboxylic acidmethyl ester 4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (−ESI): 440.4 [M −21]⁻ methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}- biphenyl-3-carboxylicacid methyl ester N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′- MS (−ESI): 442.5[M − 21]⁻ dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-MS (−ESI): 450.4 [M − 21]⁻ 1-[2′-(trifluoromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′- MS (−ESI):450.4 [M − 21]⁻ dichloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-MS (−ESI): 410.2 [M − 21]⁻ 1-(3′-formyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-bromopyridin-3- MS (−ESI): 461.4 [M − 21]⁻yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 466.4 [M − 21]⁻1-[4′-(trifluoromethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 421.5 [M − 21]⁻1-[4-(1H-indol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 384.4 [M − 21]⁻1-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 433.5 [M − 21]⁻1-(4-quinolin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamide4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (−ESI): 440.4 [M − 21]⁻methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}- biphenyl-4-carboxylic acidmethyl ester N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 384.4[M − 21]⁻ 1-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 372.4 [M − 21]⁻1-[4-(3-furyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 451.4 [M − 21]⁻1-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 451.4 [M − 21]⁻1-{4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 451.4 [M − 21]⁻1-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 412.4 [M − 21]⁻1-(3′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(acetylamino)-3′-fluoro-1,1′- MS (−ESI): 457.4 [M − 21]⁻biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 402.4 [M − 21]⁻1-[4-(3-methylthien-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 400.4 [M − 21]⁻1-(3′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-acetylthien-2-yl)phenyl]- MS (−ESI): 430.4 [M − 21]⁻2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (−ESI): 424.4 [M − 21]⁻2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 450.4 [M − 21]⁻1-[3′-(trifluoromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 430.4 [M − 21]⁻1-(5′-fluoro-2′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,5′- MS (−ESI): 418.4 [M − 21]⁻difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 436.4 [M − 21]⁻1-(2′,3′,5′-trifluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide3-(4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (−ESI): 452.5 [M − 21]⁻methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}- biphenyl-3-yl)-acrylic acidN²-{(1S)-1-[4-(9-anthryl)phenyl]-2,2,2- MS (−ESI): 482.5 [M − 21]⁻trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4′-benzoyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (−ESI): 486.5 [M − 21]⁻2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-4′-hydroxy-1,1′- MS (−ESI): 440.5 [M − 21]⁻biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[2′- MS (−ESI): 421.4 [M − 21]⁻(cyanomethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′- MS (+APCI): 482.2 [M + 1]⁺(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′- MS (+APCI): 466.1 [M + 1]⁺(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 413.2 [M + 1]⁺morpholin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 419.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 419.0 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5- MS (+ESI): 409.4 [M + 1]⁺phenylthien-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 419.0 [M + 1]⁺quinolin-8-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 455.2 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN²-{1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- MS (+ESI): 483.2 [M + 1]⁺yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)- L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′- MS (+ESI): 483.2 [M + 1]⁺biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 482.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 450.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 407.2/408.2 [M + 1]⁺/[M +2]⁺ trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 553.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1,1′- biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 510.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(isopropylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′- MS (+ESI): 483.2 [M + 1]⁺biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN²-((1S)-1-{4′-[(acetylamino)sulfonyl]- MS (+APCI): 525.4 [M + 1]⁺1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 496.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N²-[1-(5-bromothien-2-yl)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 413.2 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (−ESI): 403.9, 405.9 [M + 1]⁻trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamide4-(4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (+ESI): 588.2 [M + 1]⁺methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl esterN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′- MS (+ESI): 488.3 [M + 1]⁺piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′- MS (+APCI): 532.3 [M + 1]⁺[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′- MS (+APCI): 559.9 [M + 1]⁺[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(1-{4-MS (+ESI): 399.2 [M + 1]⁺ [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(1-{4- MS (+ESI):411.2 [M + 1]⁺ [(cyclopropylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-leucinamide 4-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-MS (−ESI): 370.2 [M − 1]⁻ methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-benzoic acid N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′- MS (+ESI):534.3 [M + 1]⁺ [4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4- MS (+ESI): 454.3 [M + 1]⁺[(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)carbonyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 512.3 [M + 1]⁺{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 425.1 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-{1-[4-(3-tert-butyl-1,2,4-triazin-5- MS (+ESI): 463.2 [M + 1]⁺yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 565.1 [M + 1]⁺{2-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 477.1 [M + 1]⁺1-{4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4- yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′- MS (+ESI): 566.3 [M + 1]⁺[4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N²-[1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 406.0, 408.1 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′- MS (+ESI): 450.1[M + 1]⁺ (methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3- MS (+ESI): 405.1 [M + 1]⁺pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′- MS (+ESI): 488.3 [M + 1]⁺piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′- MS (+ESI): 482.2 [M + 1]⁺(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN-(cyanomethyl)-1-[(2,2,2-trifluoro-1- MS (−ESI): 337 [M − 1]⁻phenylethyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxamide 1-{[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 418, 420 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoroethyl]amino}-N-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxamideN-(cyanomethyl)-1-{[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′- MS (+ESI): 500 [M + 1]⁺piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl)ethyl]amino}cyclohexanecarboxamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 411 [M + 1]⁺piperidin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 489 [M + 1]⁺(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 404, 406 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3- cyclopropylalaninamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-cyclopropyl-N²-[2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 403 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4- ylphenyl)ethyl]alaninamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′- MS (+ESI): 481 [M + 1]⁺pyridin-4-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 335 [M + 1]⁺1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 434 [M + 1]⁺1-(4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 358 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 481 [M + 1]⁺1-(4′-pyridin-4-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 420 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4′-bromo-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 482, 484 [M + 1]⁺2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4-chloropyridin-3- MS (+ESI): 439 [M + 1]⁺yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(acetylamino)-2′-methyl- MS (+ESI): 475 [M + 1]⁺1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 404 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 435 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 435 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 558 [M + 1]⁺1-[4″-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl- 4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 418, 420 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1- methylcyclopropyl)alaninamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1- MS (+ESI): 494 [M + 1]⁺methylcyclopropyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}alaninamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1- MS (+ESI): 462 [M + 1]⁺methylcyclopropyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}alaninamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 418 [M + 1]⁺1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 446 [M + 1]⁺2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 434 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 421.4 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 421.4 [M + 1]⁺(1-oxidopyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4- MS (+ESI): 479.3 [M + 1]⁺[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1- oxidopyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4- MS (+ESI): 483.2[M + 1]⁺ [6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3- yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4- MS (+ESI): 509.2 [M + 1]⁺[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI):434.2 [M + 1]⁺, MS (+ESI): trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-432.0 [M + 1]⁺ leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS(+ESI): 412.2 [M + 1]⁺ piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN²-{1-[3′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- MS (+ESI): 461.2 [M + 1]⁺yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 454.3 [M + 1]⁺(4-propylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 440.2 [M + 1]⁺(piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 484.3 [M + 1]⁺{[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1- yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 540.1 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-{3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamide4-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (+ESI): 386.2 [M + 1]⁺methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}- benzoic acid methyl esterN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 481.3 [M + 1]⁺1-{4-[(E)-2-quinolin-2- ylethenyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 553.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-((1S)-1-{4-[3-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)- MS (+ESI): 553.3 [M + 1]⁺, MS(+ESI): 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]phenyl}-2,2,2- 551.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 432.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 438.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(thien-2-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 439.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2- ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 508.2 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-{(Z)-2-[4- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethenyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI):508.2 [M + 1]⁺ 1-(4-{(E)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethenyl}phenyl)ethyl]- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 398.2 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-isobutyrylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4-bromo-1,3-thiazol-2- MS (+ESI): 491.1 [M + 1]⁺, MS(+ESI): yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- 489.0 [M + 1]⁺(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4- MS (+ESI):353.2 [M + 1]⁺ cyanophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 352.1 [M + 1]⁺ethynylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 422.3 [M + 1]⁺1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 411.1 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′- MS (+ESI): 450.2 [M + 1]⁺(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 469.2 [M + 1]⁺(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 443.2 [M + 1]⁺(1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{1-[4′-MS (+ESI): 447.2 [M + 1]⁺ (dimethylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4- MS(+APCI): 410.2 [M + 1]⁺ {[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-1-(4- MS(+APCI): 410.2 [M + 1]⁺ {[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′- MS (+APCI): 482.1 [M + 1]⁺(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamide4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (+APCI): 448.0 [M + 1]⁺methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}- biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3- MS (+APCI): 491.2 [M + 1]⁺methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}- biphenyl-4-carboxylic acidmethoxy- methyl-amide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS(+APCI): 542.3 [M + 1]⁺ 1-[4-({[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]thio}methyl)phenyl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-chloropyridin-2- MS (+APCI): 439.1 [M + 1]⁺yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[3′-(aminosulfonyl)-4′-bromo- MS (+APCI): 561.1 and 563.1[M + 1]⁺ 1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-bromo-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-MS (+APCI): 560.1 and 562.1 [M + 1]⁺1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESII): 497.2 [M + 1]⁺1-{4-[5-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N²-[(1S)-1-(4-{5-chloro-3-[4- MS(+ESI): 593.2 [M + 1]⁺ (methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 450.0 [M + 1]⁺1-{4-[(phenylthio)methyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 536.1 [M + 1]⁺1-{4′-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 479.1 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-{[(4- fluorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)ethyl]- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 406.1 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 508.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′- MS(+APCI): 496.1 [M + 1]⁺ (ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide N²-((1S)-1-{4-[({[3-(2-chloro-6- MS(+APCI): 594.4 [M + 1]⁺ fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-((1S)-1-{4-[(9-chloro-3-methyl-4- MS (+APCI): 574.3 [M + 1]⁺oxoisoxazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-5(4H)-yl)methyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 512.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4″-chloro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)- MS (+APCI): 592.2 [M + 1]⁺1,1′:2′,1″-terphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 512.2[M + 1]⁺ 1-[2′-methoxy-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[2′-chloro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)- MS (+APCI): 516.3 and 518.2[M + 1]⁺ 1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (−ESI): 478.1 [M − 1]⁺1-{4′-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]-1,1′-biphenyl- 4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 500.1 [M + 1]⁺1-[3′-fluoro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 512.3 [M + 1]⁺1-{4′-[(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 482.1 [M + 1]⁺1-[3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 569.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-({2-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-2- oxoethyl}sulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS(+APCI): 540.2 [M + 1]⁺ 1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′- MS (+APCI): 506.2 [M + 1]⁺biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide N²-{(4-bromophenyl)[4- MS (+ESI): 492.0,494.0 [M + 1]⁺ (methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4- MS (−ESI): 534.2 [M− 1]⁻ (methylsulfonyl)phenyl][4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4′- MS(+ESI): 568.2 [M + 1]⁺ (methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 368.4 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 420.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 435.4 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-oxazol-4- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 406.2 [M + 1]⁺1-(4-pyrazin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 419.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 419.2 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 420.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 431.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 472.2 [M + 1]⁺2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 462.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(3′-fluoro-4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 489.6 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 512.2 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)- MS (+ESI): 494.1 [M + 1]⁺2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-MS (+ESI): 485.2 [M + 1]⁺ pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS(+ESI): 472.2 [M + 1]⁺ pentafluoro-1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 538.1 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[3′-(aminosulfonyl)-4′-methoxy- MS (+ESI): 539.1 [M + 1]⁺1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 461.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 469.2 [M + 1]+pentafluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2- yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 509.2 [M + 1]+trifluoro-1-{4-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-MS (+APCI): 446.1 [M + 1]+ trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-MS (+ESI): 500.1 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-MS (+ESI): 526.1 [M + 1]⁺ {(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²- MS (+ESI): 540.1 [M + 1]⁺{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 421.0 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[5-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridin-2- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 482.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(5-quinolin-5-ylpyridin-2- yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 482.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(5-quinolin-6-ylpyridin-2- yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2- 1H NMR (CD3COCD3) δ 8.15 (1H, m),difluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′- 8.0 (2H, d), 7.95 (2H, d), 7.75(2H, d), biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide 7.55 (2H, d), 6.1 (1H, dt),4.0-4.1 (1H, m), 3.25-3.35 (1H, m), 3.15 (3H, s), 2.4-2.5 (1H, m),1.8-1.9 (1H, m), 1.4-1.55 (4H, m), 0.85-1.05 (8H, m).N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 522.3 [M + 1]⁺2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 430.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L- leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′- MS (−ESI): 557.2 [M − 1]⁻biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoropropyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1- MS (−ESI): 422.2 [M − 1]⁻ethoxyvinyl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}- L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4-acetylphenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 396.0 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 396.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(4-isopropylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 354.0 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-phenylethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 434.3 [M + Na]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1- methylethyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 408.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(1- methylcyclopropyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 472.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-(2′,4′,6′-trimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl- 4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 389.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L- leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2- MS (+ESI): 473.2 [M + 1]⁺yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[6-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-3- MS (+ESI): 473.2 [M + 1]⁺yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[5-(3-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2- MS (+ESI): 473.4 [M + 1]⁺yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 475.5 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(1- hydroxyethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (−ESI): 452.2[M − 1]⁻ pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 495.83 [M + 1]⁺2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 479.8 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN²-(1-benzyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(1- MS (−APCI): 366.1 [M − 1]−cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide N²-[(1S)-1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2,2,2-MS (+APCI): 410.2 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 420.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-methyl- L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 446.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4- methyl-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 503.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 451.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 445.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 445.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-3- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 445.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 490.3 [M + 1]⁺2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²- MS (+ESI): 438.3 [M + 1]⁺{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-[(1S)-1-cyanoethyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 496.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylthio)propyl]-N²- MS (+ESI): 556.3 [M + 1]⁺{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3- MS (+ESI):588.2 [M + 1]⁺ (methylsulfonyl)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-MS (+ESI): 482, 484 [M + 1]⁺ pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS(+ESI): 485 [M + 1]⁺ pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide N²-[(1S)-1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2,2,2-MS (+ESI): 407, 409 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 483[M + 1]⁺ 1-{5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 488 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 420 [M + 1]⁺1-(6′-methyl-3,3′-bipyridin-6-yl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 461 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 421 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide(4S)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²- MS (+ESI): 536 [M + 1]⁺{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide(4S)-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5- MS (+ESI): 562 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamide(4S)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²- MS (+ESI): 504 [M + 1]⁺{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide (4S)-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-MS (+ESI): 530 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L- leucinamide(4S)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 460, 462 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5- trifluoro-L-leucinamide(4S)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 486, 488 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)- 5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4-(6-aminopyridin-3- MS (+ESI): 420 [M + 1]⁺yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 450, 452 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4- fluoro-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 468.8 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3- yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)- MS (+ESI): 494.8 [M + 1]⁺2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6- methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 445.0[M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 447.8 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 501.8 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)- MS(+ESI): 526.1 [M + 1]⁺ 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)- MS (+ESI): 538.3 [M + 1]⁺2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)- MS (+ESI): 558.2 [M + 1]⁺2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′- (methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide (4R)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²- MS(+ESI): 536.1 [M + 1]⁺ {(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide(4R)-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5- MS (+ESI): 562.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 468.2 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl)propyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+ESI): 461.0 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2- yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4- MS (+ESI): 428.1 [M + 1]⁺ethynylphenyl)-2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoropropyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 392.3 [M + 1]⁺(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 418.3 [M + 1]⁺(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 425.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 437.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 451.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4- MS (+ESI): 468.2 [M + 1]⁺(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoropropyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 451.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 425.3 [M + 1]⁺1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4,5- MS (+ESI): 439.3 [M + 1]⁺dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′- MS (+ESI): 540.1 [M + 1]⁺(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)- MS (+ESI): 449.2 [M + 1]⁺2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-3- ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²- MS (+ESI): 556.3 [M + 1]⁺{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-leucinamideN²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 363.8, 365.8 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- alaninamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′- MS (+APCI): 533.2 [M + 1]⁺biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoropropyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+APCI): 590.4 [M +1]⁺ pentafluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl}propyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+APCI): 440.1 [M + 1]⁺1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-alaninamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3- MS (+APCI): 560.2 [M + 1]⁺pentafluoro-1-[4′-(isopropylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 510.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2- MS (+APCI): 566.4 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2- methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS(+APCI): 522.3 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′- MS (+APCI): 522.3 [M + 1]⁺(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2- trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′- MS (+APCI): 527.3 [M + 1]⁺biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4′-MS (−ESI): 572.2 [M − 1]⁻ and 573.3(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′- ¹HNMR (d₆-dmso): δ 8.7 (m, 2H), 7.52 (d,(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien- 2H), 7.50 (d, 2H), 7.39 (d,2H), 7.38 (m, 2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide 1H), 7.03 (2H, d), 6.98 (d,1H), 6.92 (dd, 1H), 4.90 (1H, s), 4.15 (m, 2H), 3.30 (8H, m), 3.23 (1H,m), 2.65 (1H, d), 1.80 (1H, m), 1.45 (1H, m), 1.25 (1H, m), 0.86 (3H,d), 0.81 (3H, d). LC/MS, M + 1: 502.4.N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-(4′-piperazin-4- 1HNMR (d6-dmso): δ 8.7 (m,2H), 7.52 (d, ium-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)(thien-2- 2H), 7.50 (d, 2H),7.39 (d, 2H), 7.38 (m, yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide methanesulfonate 1H),7.03 (2H, d), 6.98 (d, 1H), 6.92 (dd, 1H), 4.90 (1H, s), 4.15 (m, 2H),3.30 (8H, m), 3.23 (1H, m), 2.65 (1H, d), 1.80 (1H, m), 1.45 (1H, m),1.25 (1H, m), 0.86 (3H, d), 0.81 (3H, d). LC/MS, M + 1: 502.4.N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(4- ¹H NMR (H NMR δ (CDCl₃): 0.77 (d, 3H),fluorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′- 0.9 (d, 3H); 1.38 (m, 1H), 1.57(m, 1H), biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide 1.71 (m, 1H), 2.01 (br s,1H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 3.09 (m, 1H), 4.07 (m, 2H), 4.89 (1H, s), 7.03 (m,2H), 7.21 (m, 1H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.42 (d, 2H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.68 (d,2H), 7.97 (d, 2H). N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4′- MS (+APCI): 556.5 and558.5 [M + 1]⁺ (methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-L- leucinamideN²-{(S)-(4-chlorophenyl)[4′- MS (+APCI): 524.3 and 525.5 [M + 1]⁺(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro- MS (+ESI): 468[M + 1]⁺ 1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-2- ¹HNMR(d₆-dmso): δ 8.64 (1H, t), yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- 7.48 (2H, d),7.39 (dd, 1H), 7.31 (2H, d), leucinamide 6.96 (1H, m), 6.91 (1H, dd)),4.90 (1H, s), 4.13 (2H, m), 3.15 (1H, m), 2.70 (1H, m), 1.85 (1H, m),1.40 (1H, m), 1.25 (1H, m), 0.85 (3H, d), 0.80 (3H, d). LC/MS, M − 1:3.81 N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4-(4,4,5,5- LC/MS, M − 1: 466.1.tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phenyl](thien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide N²-{(R)-(4-bromophenyl)[4- MS (−ESI): 496.1 [M − 1]⁻(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4-(4,4,5,5- MS (+APCI): 545.2 and 546.3 [M +1]⁺ tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phenyl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-L- leucinamideN²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(2-furyl)methyl]- MS (+APCI): 404.1 and 405.3[M + 1]⁺ N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-2-furyl[4′- MS (+APCI): 479.2 [M + 1]⁺(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]methyl}-L-leucinamideN²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 392, 394 [M + 1]⁺trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- norvalinamideN²-{(R)-(4-bromophenyl)[4- MS (+APCI): 482.1 and 481.2 [M + 1]⁺(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹- (cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{1-[4′-(4- MS (+ESI): 514 [M + 1]⁺cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-norvalinamide N²-[(R)-(4-bromophenyl)(4- MS(+APCI): 482.1 and 481.2 [M + 1]⁺chlorophenyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′- MS (+ESI): 468 [M + 1]⁺(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}- L-norvalinamideN²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(3-methylthien-2- LC/MS, M − 1: 432.0.yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-3- LC/MS, M − 1: 418.2.yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(2,4- MS (+APCI) 525.3, 524.3 [M − 1]⁻ anddifluorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′- 526.4 [M + 1]⁺. 1H NMR(CD₃SOCD₃) δ 8.01 (dd, biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide 2H), 7.8 (dd,2H), 7.35 (dd, 2H), 7.11 (dd, 2H), 7.03 (d, 1H), 6.93 (d, 2H), 6.62 (d,1H), 6.55 (d, 1H), 5.0 (s, 1H), 4.13 (t, 2H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.0 (m, 1H),2.99 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 0.9-0.8 (m, 6H).N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′- ¹HNMR (d₆-dmso): δ 8.62 (1H, t),(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien- 7.95 (2H, d), 7.85 (2H, m),7.65 (2H, d), 3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide 7.49 (2H, d), 7.47 (2H, m),7.10 (1H, dd), 4.80 (1H, d), 4.13 (2H, m), 3.24 (3H, s), 3.05 (1H, m),2.65 (1H, m), 1.8 (1H, m), 1.45 (1H, m), 1.30 (1H, m), 0.84 (3H, d),0.76 (3H, d). LC/MS, M − 1: 493.5. N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′- LC/MS,M − 1: 507.5 (methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(4-LC/MS, M + 1: 556.1, M − 1: 554.0cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(4- LC/MS, M − 1: 540.1cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 446.1, 448.1 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-norvalinamide N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)- MS(+ESI): 522.3 [M + 1]⁺ 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(3-methylthien-2- LC/MS, M − 1: 460.1.yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′- ¹HNMR (d₆-dmso): δ 8.96 (1H, s),(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3- 7.96 (2H, d), 7.87 (2H, d), 7.69(2H, d), methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide 7.45 (2H, d), 7.31 (1H,d), 7.76 (1H, d), 4.98 (1H, s), 3.24 (3H, s), 3.10 (1H, m), 2.5 (1H, d),2.09 (3H, s), 1.85 (1H, m), 1.50 (2H, m), 1.40 (1H, m), 1.25 (1H, m),1.10 (2H, m), 0.86 (3H, d), 0.83 (3H, d). LC/MS, M − 1: 534.2.N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-3-furyl[4′- MS (+APCI): 479.2 and 478.3 [M −1]⁺ (methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]methyl}-L-leucinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 494 [M + 1]⁺. ¹H NMRtrifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′- (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 0.98 (m,1H), biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide 1.1 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m, 2H),1.29 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.28 (dd, 1H),4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (br s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 7.63 (d, 2H), 7.78 (d, 2H),8.02 (d, 2H). N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (−ESI): 416, 418 [M −1]⁻ ¹H NMR trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L- (CDCl₃): δ 0.97(3H, t), 0.98 (m, 1H), norvalinamide 1.07 (m, 1H), 1.41 (m, 2H), 1.49(m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 3.27 (1H, m), 1.04 (m, 1H), 7.1 (brs, 1H), 1.24 (d, 2H), 7.75 (d, 2H).N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-bromothien-2- ¹HNMR (d₆-dmso): δ 8.69 (1H, t),yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- 7.52 (1H, m), 7.49 (2H, d), 7.31 (2H, d),leucinamide 7.00 (1H, d), 4.91 (1H, s), 4.14 (2H, m), 3.15 (1H, m), 2.81(1H, dd), 1.85 (1H, m), 1.45 (1H, m), 1.30 (1H, m), 0.86 (3H, d) 0.82(3H, d). N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-3- LC/MS, M − 1: 443.8yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L- leucinamideN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((S)-[4′- ¹HNMR (d₆-dmso): δ 8.75 (1H, t),(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]{4-[4- 7.90 (9H, m), 7.70 (2H, d),7.57 (3H, m), (methylsulfonyl)phenyl]thien-2-yl}methyl)- 5.06 (1H, s),4.18 (2H, m), 3.23 (3H, s), L-leucinamide 3.22 (1H, m), 3.19 (3H, s),2.85 (1H, d), 1.90 (1H, m), 1.50 (1H, m), 1.35 (1H, m), 0.89 (3H, d),0.85 (3H, d). LC/MS, M − 1: 648.1. N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-LC/MS, M + 1: 522.3, M − 1: 521.4.(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien- 3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamideN²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′- MS (+ESI): 495 [M + 1]⁺. ¹H NMRbiphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1- (CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (3H, t).0.98 (m*, 1H); cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide 1.08 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m,2H), 1.44 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.8 (m, 4H), 3.28 (m, 1H), 4.16 (q, 1H), 4.9 (brs*, 1H), 7.2 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 2H), 7.6 (d, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.99 (d,2H). N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-bromothien-2- LC/MS, M − 1: 526.2.yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L- leucinamideN²-[(S)-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- LC/MS, M − 1: 521.4.yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN²-[(S)-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4- ¹HNMR (d₆-dmso): δ 8.63(1H, t), yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L- 7.84 (2H, d), 7.79(2H, d), 7.63 (2H, d), leucinamide 7.47 (2H, d), 7.40 (2H, m), 7.09 (1H,dd), 4.81 (1H, d), 4.13 (2H, m), 3.05 (1H, m), 2.65 (1H, dd), 1.80 (1H,m), 1.45 (1H, m), 0.85 (3H, d), 0.76 (3H, d). LC/MS, M − 1: 495.4.N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 524.2 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 431.0 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²- MS (+ESI): 548.3 [M + 1]⁺{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 406.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 474.2 [M + 1]⁺(100%). ¹H trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)- NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d6): δ 7.6 (m, 8H) 1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide 7.4(m, 1H) 7.25 (s, 1H) 5.2 (s, 1H) 4.1 (m, 2H) 3.3 (m, 1H) 2.05 (s, 1H)1.75 (m, 1H) 1.6 (s, 6H) 1.4 (m, 2H) 1.25 (t, 2H) 1.0 (m, 4H).N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- ¹HNMR (d₆-dmso): δ 8.72 (1H, s),trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2- 8.48 (1H, m), 8.02 (2H, d), 7.84 (1H,d), yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide 7.67 (1H, dd), 7.46 (2H, d), 4.30(1H, m), 3.13 (1H, m), 2.85 (1H, dd), 2.33 (3H, s), 1.46 (2H, m), 1.32(4H, m), 0.88 (1H, m), 0.86 (3H, t), 0.73 (1H, m). LC/MS, M + 1: 431.2.2-{[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-pyridin-4-yl- MS (+APCI): 400.9 and 401.2 [M + 1]⁺methyl]-amino}-pentanoic acid cyanomethyl-amide2-{[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]- MS (+APCI): 407.1 and 406[M + 1]⁺ amino+}-pentanoic acid cyanomethyl- amide(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 458 [M + 1]⁺, 480[M + 1 + Na]⁺. 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid ¹H NMR (CDCl₃):δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 0.98 (m, (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide 1H), 1.-7 (m, 1H),1.42 (m, 2H), 1.57 (s, 2H), 1.63 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H),3.33 (dd, 1H), 4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (br s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 2H), 7.65-7.69 (2× d, 4H), 8.03 (d, 2H). (2S)-2-[(S)-1-(2′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)- MS(+ESI): 452 [M + 1]⁺, 474 [M + 1 + Na]⁺.2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.90 (m,1H), 0.97 (t, (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide 3H), 1.04 (m, 1H), 1.41-1.5 (m,4H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.19 (br s, 1H), 3.32 (dd, 1H), 4.13(dd, 1H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.19 (br s, 1H), 7.41 (m, 3H), 7.53 (d, 2H).(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(3′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 452 [M + 1]⁺,474 [M + 1 + Na]⁺. 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid ¹H NMR(CDCl₃): δ 0.97 (t, 3H), 0.98 (m, (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide 1H), 1.07(m, 1H), 1.42 (m, 2H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 2.18 (brs, 1H), 3.29 (dd, 1H), 4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (br s, 1H), 7.13-7.3 (m, 2H),7.38 (m, 1H), 7.42 (d, 2H), 7.57 (d, 2H).(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(3′-Chloro-4′-fluorobiphenyl- MS (+ESI): 468 [M + 1]⁺. ¹HNMR 4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic (CDCl₃): δ 0.99 (t, 3H),1.00 (m, 1H), acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide 1.08 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m,2H), 1.51 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 1H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 2.19 (br s, 1H), 3.33(dd, 1H), 4.17 (q, 1H), 7.21 (m, 2H), 7.42 (m, 3H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 7.62(m, 1H). (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′- MS (−ESI): 507.0 [M − 1]⁻methanesulfonylamino-biphenyl-4-yl)- ethylamino]-pentanoic acid(1-cyano- cyclopropyl)-amide (2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2- MS(+APCI): 479.2 and 478.3 [M − 1]⁻ yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethyl-amide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 450.1 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 464.2 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-3′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 464.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide(2S)-2-{(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-indol- MS (+ESI): 455.1 [M + 1]⁺5-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamino}-pentanoic acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide(2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(3′- MS (+ESI): 509.2 [M + 1]⁺methanesulfonylamino-biphenyl-4-yl)- ethylamino]-pentanoic acid(1-cyano- cyclopropyl)-amide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 434.4 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS(+ESI): 448.2 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoro-1-[4′-fluoro-3′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 448.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[3′-fluoro-4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 500.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-trifluoromethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′-MS (+ESI): 430 [M + 1]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]- δ 0.90 (m, 1H), 0.98 (t, 3h), 1.02 (m,1H) pentanoic acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide 1.4-1.5 (m, 4H), 1.62 (m,1H), 1.69 (m, 1H), 2.19 (br s, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 3.35 (dd, 1H), 4.1 (q,1H), 7.21 (s, 1H) 7.24 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 7.46 (d, 2H), 7.60 (d,2H). (2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4′-Cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 441 [M + 1]⁺2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoic acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 446.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4- yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 460.1 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5- yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 474.3 [M + 1]⁺trifluoro-1-[4′-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-Bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl- MS (−ESI): 445, 447 [M − 1]⁻.NMR (CDCl₃): methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoic acid (1- δ 0.82 (d, 3H),0.95 (d, 3H), 1.04 (m, cyanocyclopropyl)-amide 2H), 1.46-1.62 (m, 4H),1.80 (m, 1H), 3.12 (dd, 1H), 4.95 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.25 (d,2H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 7.74 (m, 1H).(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4′-Methanesulfonyl-biphenyl- MS (+APCI): 418.9, 420.9 [M −1]⁺ 4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4- methyl-pentanoic acidcyanomethyl-amide (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′- MS (+APCI): 483.3[M + 1]⁺ trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]- pentanoic acid(1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide (2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(2′- MS(+APCI): 483.3 [M + 1]⁺ trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoic acid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide(2S)-2-{(S)-[(2′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)- MS (−ESI): 479 [M − 1]⁻. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃): thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4- δ 0.84 (d, 3H), 0.97 (d,3H), 1.03 (m, 2H), methylpentanoic acid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)- 1.47 (m,2H), 1.57-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.95 (m, amide 1H), 3.27 (dd, 1H), 5.02 (s, 1H),6.93 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 3H), 7.48 (d, 2H),7.77 (d, 1H). (2S)-2-{(S)-[(4′-Methanesulfonylbiphenyl- MS (−ESI): 521[M − 1]⁻. 4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4- methylpentanoic acid(1-cyanocyclopropyl)- amide N1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N2- MS(+APCI): 499.4 [M + 1]+ [(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide N1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N2- MS(+APCI): 510.1 [M + 1]+ {(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideN2-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)- MS (+ESI): 472.1 [M + 1]+2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N1-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamideN1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N2-[(1S)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 482 [M + 1]+trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L- leucinamideN2-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2- MS (+ESI): 454.1, 456.2 [M + 1]+trifluoroethyl]-N1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)- 4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamideN1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N2- MS (+ESI): 498.3 [M + 1]+{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamideN1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N2- MS (+ESI): 530.3 [M + 1]+{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide

Pharmaceutical Composition

As a specific embodiment of this invention, 100 mg ofN¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide,is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a totalamount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size 0, hard-gelatin capsule.

The compounds disclosed in the present application exhibited activity inthe following assays. In addition, the compounds disclosed in thepresent application have an enhanced pharmacological profile relative topreviously disclosed compounds.

Cathepsin K Assay

Serial dilutions (1/3) from 500 M down to 0.0085 M of test compoundswere prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then 2 L of DMSO from eachdilution were added to 50 L of assay buffer (MES, 50 mM (pH 5.5); EDTA,2.5 mM; DTT, 2.5 mM and 10% DMSO) and 25 L of human cathepsin K (0.4 nM)in assay buffer solution. The assay solutions were mixed for 5-10seconds on a shaker plate and incubated for 15 minutes at roomtemperature. Z-Leu-Arg-AMC (8 μM) in 25 μL of assay buffer was added tothe assay solutions. Hydrolysis of the coumarin leaving group (AMC) wasfollowed by spectrofluorometry (Exλ=355 nm; Emλ=460 nm) for 10 minutes.Percent of inhibition were calculated by fitting experimental values tostandard mathematical model for dose response curve.

Cathepsin L Assay

Serial dilutions (1/3) from 500 M down to 0.0085 M of test compoundswere prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then 2 L of DMSO from eachdilution were added to 50 L of assay buffer (MES, 50 mM (pH 5.5); EDTA,2.5 mM; DTT, 2.5 mM and 10% DMSO) and 25 L of human cathepsin L (0.5 nM)in assay buffer solution. The assay solutions were mixed for 5-10seconds on a shaker plate and incubated for 15 minutes at roomtemperature. Z-Leu-Arg-AMC (8 μM) in 25 μL of assay buffer was added tothe assay solutions. Hydrolysis of the coumarin leaving group (AMC) wasfollowed by spectrofluorometry (Exλ=355 nm; Emλ=460 nm) for 10 minutes.Percent of inhibition were calculated by fitting experimental values tostandard mathematical model for dose response curve.

Cathepsin B Assay

Serial dilutions (1/3) from 500 M down to 0.0085 M of test compoundswere prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then 2 L of DMSO from eachdilution were added to 50 μL of assay buffer (MES, 50 mM (pH 5.5); EDTA,2.5 mM; DTT, 2.5 mM and 10% DMSO) and 25 μL of human cathepsin B (4.0nM) in assay buffer solution. The assay solutions were mixed for 5-10seconds on a shaker plate and incubated for 15 minutes at roomtemperature. Z-Leu-Arg-AMC (8 μM) in 25 μL of assay buffer was added tothe assay solutions. Hydrolysis of the coumarin leaving group (AMC) wasfollowed by spectrofluorometry (Exλ=355 nm; Emλ=460 nm) for 10 minutes.Percent of inhibition were calculated by fitting experimental values tostandard mathematical model for dose response curve.

Cathepsin S Assay

Serial dilutions (1/3) from 500 μM down to 0.0085 μM of test compoundswere prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then 2 μL of DMSO from eachdilution were added to 50 μL of assay buffer (MES, 50 mM (pH 5.5); EDTA,2.5 mM; DTT, 2.5 mM and 10% DMSO) and 25 μL of human cathepsin S (20 nM)in assay buffer solution. The assay solutions were mixed for 5-10seconds on a shaker plate and incubated for 15 minutes at roomtemperature. Z-Leu-Arg-AMC (8 μM) in μL of assay buffer was added to theassay solutions. Hydrolysis of the coumarin leaving group (AMC) wasfollowed by spectrofluorometry (Exλ=355 nm; Emλ=460 nm) for 10 minutes.Percent of inhibition were calculated by fitting experimental values tostandard mathematical model for dose response curve.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating osteoarthritis in a mammalin need thereof by administering to the mammal a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of the following chemical formula:

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyland alkenyl groups are optionally substituted with one to six halo, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —OR⁹, —N(R¹²)₂, aryl, heteroaryl orheterocyclyl wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups areoptionally substituted with one or two substitutents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;R² is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with one to six halo, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹²,—SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹², —OR⁹, —N(R¹²)₂, aryl, heteroaryl orheterocyclyl wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups areoptionally substituted with one or two substitutents independentlyselected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto;or R¹ and R² can be taken together with the carbon atom to which theyare attached to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring wherein saidring system is optionally substituted with one or two substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, orhalo; R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyl andalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or one tosix halo; R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₂₋₆ alkenyl wherein said alkyland alkenyl groups are optionally substituted with C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl orone to six halo; or R³ and R⁴ can be taken together with the carbon atomto which they are attached to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring, C₅₋₈cycloalkenyl ring, or five to seven membered heterocyclyl wherein saidcycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionallysubstituted with one or two substitutents independently selected fromC₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or keto; R⁵ is selectedfrom hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl substituted with 1-6 halo; R⁶ is aryl,heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, wherein saidaryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups are optionallysubstituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selectedfrom halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, haloalkoxy,—SR⁹, —SR¹², —SOR⁹, —SOR¹², —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂R¹², —SO₂CH(R¹²)(R¹¹), —OR¹²,—N(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), cyano, or aryl which is optionally substituted with—SO₂R¹²; each D is independently C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl,aryl, heteroaryl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl wherein each saidaryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups, which may bemonocyclic or bicyclic, is optionally substituted on either the carbonor the heteroatom with one to five substituents independently selectedfrom C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, keto, alkoxy, —SR⁹, —SR¹², —OR⁹,—OR¹², N(R¹²)₂, —SO₂R⁹, or —SO₂R¹⁰; R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁸ is hydrogen orC₁₋₆ alkyl; or R⁴ and R⁸ or can be taken together with any of the atomsto which they may be attached or are between them to form a 4-10membered heterocyclyl ring system wherein said ring system, which may bemonocyclic or bicyclic, is optionally substituted with one or twosubstituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxyalkyl,hydroxy, keto, —OR¹⁰, —SR¹⁰ or —N(R¹⁰)₂; R⁹ is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, aryl, aryl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, heteroaryl,heteroaryl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl(C₁₋₄)alkyl, andheterocyclyl(C₁₋₄)alkyl wherein said groups can be optionallysubstituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selectedfrom halo, alkoxy or —SO₂R¹²; R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl R¹¹ ishydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl which isoptionally substituted with one, two, or three substituentsindependently selected from halo, alkoxy, cyano, —NR¹⁰ or —SR¹⁰; n isindependently selected from an integer from one to three; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or N-oxide derivativethereof.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein R¹ is hydrogen and R² ishydrogen, or R¹ and R² can be taken together with the carbon atom towhich they are attached to form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl ring wherein said ringsystem is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selectedfrom C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,stereoisomer or N-oxide derivative thereof.
 3. The method of claim 2wherein R³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl which is optionally substituted with one to sixhalo and R⁴ is hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,stereoisomer or N-oxide derivative thereof.
 4. The method of claim 3wherein R³ is n-propyl, isobutyl, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl,2-trifluoromethylpropyl, 3-fluoro-2-(2-fluoromethyl)propyl,2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, or2,2-dichloroethyl and R⁴ is hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, stereoisomer or N-oxide derivative thereof.
 5. The method of claim3 wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is aryl or heteroaryl wherein said arylor heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one, two or threesubstituents selected from halo or —SO₂R¹²; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, stereoisomer or N-oxide derivative thereof.
 6. Themethod of claim 3 wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ is C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or N-oxide derivativethereof.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁶ istrifluoromethyl or 3,3,3,2,2-pentafluoroethyl; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, stereoisomer or N-oxide derivative thereof.
 8. Themethod of claim 6 wherein n is two, each D is independently aryl orheteroaryl and R⁷ is —SO_(m)CH(R¹⁰)(R¹¹) or —SO_(m)(R^(c))(R^(d)), R^(c)and R^(d) are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer or N-oxide derivativethereof.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound is selected from:N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(1E)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-enyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[methoxy(methyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-thien-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-cyano-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²[(1S)-1-(3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-2-carboxylicacid methyl ester;4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-3-carboxylicacid methyl ester;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-Lleucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(trifluoromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,4′-dichloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-formyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(trifluoromethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-indol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-carboxylicacid methyl ester;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-furyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(acetylamino)-3′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-methylthien-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-acetylthien-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(trifluoromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5′-fluoro-2′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(3′,5′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′,3′,5′-trifluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;3-(4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-3-yl)-acrylicacid;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(9-anthryl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-benzoyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[2′-(cyanomethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5-phenylthien-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-8-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-{1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(isopropylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-((1S)-1-{4′-[(acetylamino)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(5-bromothien-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;4-(4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylicacid tert-butyl ester;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(1-{4-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(1-{4-[(cyclopropylamino)carbonyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-leucinamide;4-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-benzoicacid;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{1-[4-(3-tert-butyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{2-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N-(cyanomethyl)-1-[(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxamide;1-{[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-N-(cyanomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;N-(cyanomethyl)-1-{[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-piperazin-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]amino}cyclohexanecarboxamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-piperidin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-cyclopropylalaninamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-cyclopropyl-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]alaninamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-pyridin-4-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-pyridin-4-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-bromo-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4-chloropyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(acetylamino)-2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4″-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-L-alaninamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-alaninamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-alaninamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-D-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-D-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-D-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(methylamino)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-D-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxidopyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-oxidopyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-{1-[3′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-propylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;4-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-benzoicacid methyl ester;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(E)-2-quinolin-2-ylethenyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-((1S)-1-{4-[3-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(thien-2-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{(Z)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethenyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{(E)-2-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethenyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-isobutyrylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4-bromo-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-cyanophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{1-[4′-(dimethylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-{[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1R)-1-(4-{[(cyanomethyl)amino]carbonyl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-carboxylicacid;4′-{1-[1-(Cyanomethyl-carbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylamino]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-carboxylicacid methoxy-methyl-amide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-({[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]thio}methyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[3′-(aminosulfonyl)-4′-bromo-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-bromo-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-{5-chloro-3-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[(phenylthio)methyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-((1S)-1-{4-[({[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)methyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-((1S)-1-{4-[(9-chloro-3-methyl-4-oxoisoxazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-5(4H)-yl)methyl]phenyl}-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4″-chloro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′:2′,1″-terphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methoxy-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[2′-chloro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-fluoro-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-({2-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}sulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(4-bromophenyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)phenyl](phenyl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{phenyl[4-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(4-bromophenyl)[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl][4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-glycoloylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[2-fluoro-1-(fluoromethyl)-1-phenylethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylacetyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-N²-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)prolyl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-alaninamide;N²-[[4-(4-tert-butylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl](pentafluorophenyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N-(cyanomethyl)-1-{1-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}piperidine-2-carboxamide;N²-[[4-(4-tert-butylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl](pyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{[4-(4-tert-butylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl][5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4-methyl-1-[(1S)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;(4S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4-methyl-1-[(1R)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;N-(cyanomethyl)-1-[(1S)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;N-(cyanomethyl)-1-[(1R)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;N-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-1-[(1S)-1-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-prolinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-oxazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrazin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3′-fluoro-4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(2′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[3′-(aminosulfonyl)-4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[5-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5-quinolin-5-ylpyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(5-quinolin-6-ylpyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1-ethoxyvinyl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-acetylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-isopropylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-methylcyclopropyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2′,4′,6′-trimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[5-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[6-(4-acetylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[5-(3-acetylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-(1-benzyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-methyl-L-leucinamide;N²[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-methyl-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(3′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-[(1S)-1-cyanoethyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylthio)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(6′-methyl-3,3′-bipyridin-6-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;(4S)—N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-alaninamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}propyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-alaninamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-[4′-(isopropylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]propyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(ethylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-(4′-piperazin-4-ium-1-yl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)(thien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamidemethanesulfonate;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl][4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-{(S)-(4-chlorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl](thien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-{(R)-(4-bromophenyl)[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(2-furyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-2-furyl[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-norvalinamide;N²-{(R)-(4-bromophenyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{1-[4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N²-[(R)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](3-methylthien-2-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²-{(S)-3-furyl[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamideN²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-bromothien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-N²—((S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]{4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]thien-2-yl}methyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(S)-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-norvalinamide;N²-[(S)-(4-bromophenyl)(4-bromothien-2-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(S)-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(S)-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl](thien-3-yl)methyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-3′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-5,5,5-trifluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;2-{[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-pyridin-4-yl-methyl]-amino}-pentanoic acidcyanomethyl-amide;2-{[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino+}-pentanoic acidcyanomethyl-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(2′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(3′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(3′-Chloro-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′-methanesulfonylamino-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-Bromo-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid cyanomethyl-amide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-3′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-chloro-2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;(2S)-2-{(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamino}-pentanoicacid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(3-′-methanesulfonylamino-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-fluoro-3′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-fluoro-4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-trifluoromethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;(2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-1-(4′-Cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4-Bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-1-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4′-Methanesulfonyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methyl-pentanoicacid cyanomethyl-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4′-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-[(S)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(2′-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-ethylamino]-pentanoicacid (1-cyano-cyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-{(S)-[(2′,4′-Difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;(2S)-2-{(S)-[(4′-Methanesulfonylbiphenyl-4-yl)-thiazol-2-yl-methyl]-amino}-4-methylpentanoicacid (1-cyanocyclopropyl)-amide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxido-2,3-dihydro-1-benzothien-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-2,3-dihydro-1-benzothien-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;(2S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;(2S)—N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;(2S)—N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;(2S)—N-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-2({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;(2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(cyanomethyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;(2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;(2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;(2S)-4,4-dichloro-N-(cyanomethyl)-2-({(1S)-2,2,2-trichloro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}amino)butanamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(2′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[2′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{6-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyridin-3-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{6-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyridin-3-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-{6-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyridin-3-yl}phenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanobutyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyano-2-cyclopropylethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyano-2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyano-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,3-diethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-diethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(1,1-diethyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4′-(3,3-diethyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(2,2-diethyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5,5-diethyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-oxo-4-oxaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-oxo-5-oxaspiro[3.4]oct-7-en-8-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-oxo-4-oxaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-6-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-oxo-5-oxaspiro[3.4]oct-7-en-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′41-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylpyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(trifluoroacetyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N²-[(4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-[(1S)-1-cyano-3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-quinolin-6-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[5-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4-[6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylpyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(2-methylquinolin-7-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(trifluoroacetyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[5-(2-naphthyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N²-(cyanomethyl)-4,4-difluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-norvalinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N²-[(4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-((1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-{4′-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}ethyl)-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-2,2-difluoro-1-[4′-(methylthio)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[3′-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide;N²-[(1S)-1-(4′-acetyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,2-difluoroethyl]-N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-L-leucinamide;N¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-N²-{(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-4-fluoro-L-leucinamide;and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers and N-oxidederivatives thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound isN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. The method of claim 1wherein the compound isN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The method of claim 1wherein the compound isN¹(cyanomethyl)-N²{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamideor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1wherein the compound isN²{(1S)-1-[4′-(aminosulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl}-N(cyanomethyl)-L-leucinamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.
 14. A method of treating osteoarthritis withN¹-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-4-fluoro-N²-{(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[4′-(methylsulfonyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-leucinamide.